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394 WISCONSIN STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
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borers”—the grub or larva of some Coleopterous insect that 
must be very abundant here. If you sleep in a log house with 
your head near the wall, you will be quite apt to be disturbed 
by the continued noise of these industrious creatures. Other 
insects found here are called “sawyers,” from their method of 
cutting, which resembles that of the saw. 
Beyond the Merangowin branch there are no agricultural 
settlements. The same kinds of trees continue for several 
miles, though occasionally an elm, or a sugar maple is added, 
and the surface becomes covered with the ground hemlock, an 
evergreen shrub, whose low, entangled branches, will be very 
apt to bring you prostrate to the ground. Soon we encounter 
some low ranges of hills, known respectively as “ the Copper 
range,” where there are only some indications of copper; the 
“Granite range,” and the “ Conglomerate range ;” the ground 
is more uneven ; the red marl disappears, its place being occu¬ 
pied by a brown and black soil; the trees show a larger pro¬ 
portion of the hard-wood kinds ; and you will, at the distance 
of twenty-three miles from the waters of the lake, find yourself 
at the base of a lofty range, rising abruptly from the compara¬ 
tively level country around—like the Rocky Mountains from 
the great plains over which they are approached—and this is 
the Penokee Iron Range. 
This remarkable mountain range has been traced from a little 
east of the Fourth Principal Meridian in township forty-five, 
in a direction a little south of west, across three ranges of 
townships; its length being about twenty miles, as shown on 
the accompanying map. At the west the range appears to slope 
down and terminates, but towards the east, its extent is not 
known. The highest summits are about twelve hundred feet 
above Lake Superior, or eighteen hundred feet above the sea ; 
the mean height is one or two hundred feet less. Tyler’s Fork 
crosses the range at a place called “The Gorge,” and Bad 
river crosses at Penokee, through a gap cut down to a depth of 
about three hundred feet; the river here having an elevation 
above Lake Superior of six hundred and sixty-eight feet. 
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