EXHIBITION OF 1868. 
461 
more development of our natural resources, more diversified industry to 
make our labor pay better, and the debt decreases, specie payment results, 
and the vexed question of greenbacks and bonds gets settled. 
For this increased production we must have more manufactures, for min¬ 
gled agriculture and manufactures, such as you can have here, are the great 
sources of wealth and prosperity. 
That well-known philanthropist, Peter Cooper, of New York, has carefully 
prepared a table, from the Treasury Reports of 1856 and ’67, showing the pro¬ 
duction, for each man, woman and child, white or black, in the States, which 
shows the great advantage of the manufacturing States. I give a part of it to 
illustrate: 
Massachusetts.$166 60 
Wisconsin. 68 41 
Rhode Island. 164 61 
Indiana. 99 12 
Connecticut. 156 05 
California (gold included). 149 96 
Move on in Wisconsin and you can overtop Massachusetts, but you must 
move in that path. Being “ the world’s granary ” and importing your goods 
from Europe never will carry you there. You see the “ wooden nutmegs ” of 
Connecticut are worth more than the gold nuggets of California, and may 
learn that the iron mines and fleeces in your^midst can be made of more val¬ 
ue than richest gold beds. 
I have nothing to say about motives or intentions, but, in fact, the man 
who advocates and supports what is called “ free trade ” is an enemy to our 
country’s good, and especially to the good of the Northwest. The free trade 
cry comes from England, a country that now levies duties on imports to the 
amount of about $100,000,000 yearly, and puts a tariff of 800 per cent, on the 
tobacco we send them. In 1859 the duty on American tobacco imposed by 
the British government was $18,724,420. 
A witty Frenchman, Bavon Dupin, well said in 1852: 
“ When the British Parliament applaud the enfranchisement of the world’s 
commerce, they clap their hands, and those hands are covered by English 
gloves, protected against foreign gloves by a duty of twenty-five per cent.” 
England has always taken care of her manufactures until they could stand 
strong, no matter how long it took. In the fourteenth century Edward III. 
forbade the exportation of rams, and levied heavy taxes on imported woolens, 
calling a Parliament almost wholly to legislate on the matter. In 1772 there 
were 311 laws on wool and woolens, aiming at the building up of this great 
industry. In the days of Queen Elizabeth, Lord Bacon said to her Ministers: 
“Let us turn the wools of our land into cloths of our own growth. It would 
set many thousands at work, and multiply the materials five, ten or twenty 
times in value.” Thus, for over four hundred years, England constantly took 
care of her woolen interest. 
In 1610 the protective duty on foreign bar iron was $12.60 per ton; in 1782, 
