566 STATE HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY. 
Planting .—Root prune, leaving the roots some twelve to eighteen inches in 
length—place in their natural position at seven inches below the surface, in 
tenacious or clayish soils, and ten inches in light or sandy soil—cover with 
earth three or four inches, then fill the excavation with straw manure as a 
mulch; but do not use strong manure ar it will often injure newly planted 
vines. During the latter part of summer the soil should be worked up to 
the vines, filling the excavations without removing the mulch. 
Cultivation .—Work with a horse with a fine tooth cultivator, or with a hoe 
or potatoe hook, keeping ths ground clean until about the tenth of August. 
Training .—Keep the vines upright allowing but one cane the first season, 
pinching in all laterals and allowing the main vine to grow unobstructed 
until frost. 
Pruning .—For winter, prune about four weeks after the falling of the 
leaf, to their buds, the first season, allowing but two to grow the second 
season. The second fall, prune to three eyes on small canes and six on large 
ones, which will probably be capable of producing twelve branches,— which 
is all a vine at this age ought to bear; all surplus growth should go to bear¬ 
ing wood and to elaboration of mature root. The one arm system may be 
adopted in part, by allowing one arm and establishing the fruiting spurs on 
that as the season and strength of the vine indicate. Two arms may not be 
grown on account of the necessity of winter protection. 
Trellis .—The first year, anything giving support to the vine, set at the 
time of planting, is sufficient for keeping the vine in an upright position. 
The second year, stakes set between the vines by the use of an iron pointed 
crowbar, similar to those used in setting hop-poles, will not injure the roots. 
The stakes setting between the vines will give nearer and horrizontal posi¬ 
tion, which is quite beneficial to the bearing vine. The fourth season a 
trellis may be made or the stakes increased to accommodate the additional 
wood. A simple and efficient trillis may be made by setting Red Cedar or 
Bur Oak posts, charred and tops down, driving them by the use of the bar 
and sledge. After setting the posts, narrow slats, two or three inches in 
width, may be nailed to the post, eighteen inches apart, or common wire for 
fencing may be used; and by sawing off the posts at a uniform hight and 
putting in a rail or piece of round iron, of sufficient length to receive two 
thicknesses of the slats, a brace running lengthwise and crosswise of the 
rdws will materially add to uniformity of the vineyard, and the training of 
the extra growth of the vines, always leaving every third space open for the 
passage of the wagon with mulch and fertilizers. 
Winter Protection .—In the month of September, after the first and second 
years’ planting, let there be earth sufficient thrown around the base of the 
vines to protect the lower buds, and at the time of pruning or soon there¬ 
after let there be a slight covering of the soil of not more than two inches 
and if possible, put it on during a dry time ; after which, during the first 
freezing of the ground, let there be a generous mulch of straw manure—and if 
