INDUSTRY OF COUNTIES. 
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cultivation to remove. Cold, sour, retentive subsoil may pro¬ 
bably be justly charged with some, if not many disasters ; also, 
severe croping, turfing,or stocking down; not to leave unnamed 
the fact that no small proportion of the subsoil contains known 
injurious substances, such as sulphate of iron, and simple oxyd 
of iron, or soluble iron. These are both so readily removed by 
drainage that we can scarcely say that we have tried to raise 
fruit, untill we have underdrained. I am sanguine in the faith 
that we are at the lowest descent in fruit raising—the rest of 
the way let us hope is upward and onward. The conversation¬ 
al meetings, and lectures on this subject, at our last State Fair, 
will, I fully believe, prove of far more pecuniary value to the 
people of the State than to over-pay the total cost of the Fair. 
I have seen during the past summer, orchards of apple trees as 
badly killed out, where there was not a bark louse to be found 
in the orchard, as in those orchards where that pest abounded. 
In all these cases I found the land well stocked down in fine 
grass. 
Tilth.— Our method of tilth may be not untruthfully styled 
“ to plow all w r e can, sow all we can, and when we can.” Fall 
plowing is considered best for all small grain, using a cultiva¬ 
tor in spring. Usually the grain is scattered broadcast by 
hand upon the furrows as left by the plow, and covered with 
the cultivator or harrow, and it is complete. The more recent 
and better practice is to first run the cultivator over the ground 
as deep as the strength of the team will permit,,then sow, and 
cover either with the harrow or cultivator. For corn, spring 
plowing is generally preferred, first applying manure. Fall 
plowing for corn is now receiving more favorable consideration. 
The method and manner of tilling is steadily, but slowly im¬ 
proving. Plowing is done more thoroughly and deeper. The 
wheel cultivator is rapidly becoming a favorite, and justly so. 
But little attention is given to any system of rotation , with a 
view to improving the soil. Indeed it may be justly said of us 
that we have no system ; only doing for the present the best we 
can. The two relentless and unpitying masters, debt and greed , 
goad us on to plow and sow. In the care of stock, we are im- 
