THE NATIONAL NURSERYMAN 
265 
ripen, or cut it for hay while green. The grain should 
he followed with Iron or Brabham cowpeas harvested as 
hay. If a third-year rotation is desired—and it is much 
safer to use it—winter grain should be sowed, allowed 
to ripen, and followed with resistant cowpeas for hay. 
Barley or wheat may he substituted for the oats and rye, 
and after the first year, velvet beans and beggarweeds 
broadcasted instead of cowpeas. 
With such a rotation carefully carried out, it is pos¬ 
sible to control the nematodes. There are, however, so 
many ways in which these can be reintroduced that in 
sections where they are known to be prevalent it is de- 
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF NURSERYMEN 
Executive Committee —John H. Dayton, Chairman, Painesville, 
Ohio; Thomas B. Meehan, Dresher, Pa.; J. B. Pilkington, Portland, 
Oregon; John Hall, ex-officio. Secretary, Rochester, N. Y. 
Chairmen of Committees 
Transportation —Chas. M. Sizemore, Louisiana, Mo. 
Tariff —Irving Rouse, Rochester, N. Y. 
Legislation East of Mississippi River —Wm. Pitkin, Rochester, N. Y 
Legislation West of Mississippi River —Peter Youngers, Geneva, Neb 
Co-Operation with Entomologists —L. A. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga. 
Program —C. R. Burr, Manchester, Conn. 
Exhibits —Albert F. Meehan, Dresher, Pa. 
Arrangements and Entertainment —Thos. I. Ilgenfritz, Monroe, 
Michigan; John Hall, Secretary, Rochester, N. Y. 
Publicity and Trade Opportunities —W. G. Campbell, St. Joseph, Mo. 
Editing Report —Joh” Hall, Secretary, Rochester, N. Y. 
Root Knot —E. A. Smith, Lake City, Minn. 
Membership —Will B. Munson, Chairman, Denison, Texas; M. Mc¬ 
Donald, Orenco, Oregon, Pacific Coast States; George A. Marshall, 
Arlington, Nebr., Middle Western States; Harry D. Simpson, Vin¬ 
cennes, Ind., Central States; Paul C. Van Lindley, Pomona, N. C., 
Southeastern States; Albert F. Meehan, Dresher, Pa., Eastern 
States; Charles H. Breck, 65 Franklin St., Boston, Mass., New 
England States. 
STATE AND DISTRICT ASSOCIATIONS. 
American Nurserymen’s Protective Association —President, Irvine 
Rouse, Rochester, N. Y.; secretary, Thomas B. Meehan, Dresher, 
Pa. Meets annually in June. 
American Retail Nurserymen’s Protective Association—President. II 
W. Marshall, Arlington, Nebraska; secretary, Guy A. Bryant, 
Princeton, Ill. Meets annually in June. 
Association of Oklahoma Nurserymen —President. J. A. Lopemao, 
Enid, Oklahoma; secretary, P. W. Vaught, Oldenville, Okla. Next 
meeting during week of State Fair at Oklahoma City, last of Sep¬ 
tember or first of October. 
California Association of Nurserymen —President, Frank H. Wilson, 
Fresno, Cal. Secretary, H. W. Kruckeberg, Los Angeles, Cal. 
Canadian Association of Nurserymen —President, E. D. Smith, Win¬ 
ona; secretary, G. C. R. Morden, Niagara Falls, Ont. 
Connecticut Nurseryman’s Association —President, Walter E. Camp¬ 
bell, New Haven, Conn.; secretary, F. L. Thomas, Manchester, 
Conn. 
Idaho Nurserymen’s Association —President, Anton Diedricksen. Pay¬ 
ette Idaho; secretary, J. F. Litooy, Boise, Idaho. No definite time 
has been set for next meeting. Probably in July at Boise, Idaho. 
Mississippi Nurserymen’s Association —President, Theodore Bechtel, 
Ocean Springs, Mississippi; Vice-President, S. W. Crowell. Rose- 
acres, Mississippi; Sec’y-Treas., R. W. Harned, Agr. College. 
National Association of Retail Nurserymen—President, E. S. Osborne. 
Rochester, N. Y.; secretary, F. E. Grover, Rochester, N. Y. 
New England Nurserymen’s Association —President, Harlan P. Kel¬ 
sey, Salem, Mass.; Secretary, Charles Adams, Springfield, Mass. 
Annual meeting held on the last Tuesday in February. 
New York State Nurserymen’s Association —President. E. S. Osborne. 
Rochester, N. Y.; secretary, H. B. Phillips, Rochester, New York. 
Next meeting September. Probably at Utica. 
Ohio Nurserymen’s Association —President, W. N. Scarff, New Car¬ 
lisle, O.; secretary, W. B. Cole, Painesville. O. 
Oregon—Washington Association of Nurserymen—President, C. F. 
Breilhaup, Richland, Wash.; secretary, C. A. Tonneson, Tacoma. 
Pacific Coast Association of Nurserymen —President J. Vallance, 
Oakland, Cal; secretary-treasurer, C. A. Tonneson, Tacoma, 
Wash. Place of next meeting to be deemed later. 
Pennsylvania Nurserymen’s Association — President, William 
Warner Harper, Andorra, Philadelphia. Secretary, Henry T. 
Moon, Morrisville, Penna. . ,, 
Southern Nurserymen’s Association —President, Milton Moss, 
Huntsville, Ala.; secretary-treasurer, A. I. Smith, Knoxville, 
Tenn. Next meeting Hendersonville, N. C. 
Tennessee Nurserymen’s Association —President, J. H. Austin. An¬ 
tioch, Tenn. Secretary-Treasurer, G. M. Bentley, Knoxville, 
Tcnn 
Texas Nurserymen’s Association —President, C. K. Phillips, Rock¬ 
dale, Texas; secretary-treasurer, J. M. Ramsey, Austin, Texas. 
Western Association of Nurserymen— President C. C Mayhew, 
Sherman Texas; secretary-treasurer, E. J. Holman, Leavenworth, 
Kan. Meets annually second Wednesday in December. 
sirable to repeat the rotation every four or five years. If 
Ibis is done, it is well to plant the most susceptible crops 
immediately after the field lias been cleared and to follow 
these with less susceptible ones until it is time to apply 
the extermination rotation again. 
The presence of root-knot is not always readily appar¬ 
ent. Badly infested plants are dwarfed, wilt readily in 
hot, dry weather, and are usually a paler green than 
healthy ones. With less severe attacks, however, these 
symptoms are not always noticeable, and the reduced 
yield is not infrequently believed by farmers to be a nor¬ 
mal one. Where there is any reason to suspect the exis¬ 
tence of root-knot, however, the roots should be exanv 
ined. and in the case of some tuberous plants like the po¬ 
tato the tubers should be opened and the inside examined 
to detect the layer of discolored tissue usually found 
just beneath the skin of diseased plants. 
Tubers, nursery stock, and bulbs are common agents 
for transporting the nematodes from one place to another. 
In addition, however, this is frequently done by running 
water, and bv soil which clings to farm implements, the 
feet of men, and the hoofs of animals. In heavily in¬ 
fested districts, therefore, the farmer must be on the 
lookout to close all these avenues of infection. Seed 
potatoes should always be selected from fields where a 
critical inspection shows no evidence of the disease and 
no parts of diseased roots should be permitted to be mixed 
in the manure that is to be placed on uninfested land. 
Greenhouse conditions are almost ideal for the devel¬ 
opment of nematodes. The most efficient method of ex¬ 
terminating them is to steam the soil by passing steam 
into perforated pipes laid at a depth of one foot below the 
surface of the soil. Where this is impossible the in¬ 
fested soil must be removed, tbe benches whitewashed 
with boiling hot whitewash and then refilled with fresh, 
clean soil. Land that is flooded for a period of from two 
to six months each year is practically certain to be free 
from the pest. 
Orchards also suffer frequently from root-knot. Un¬ 
fortunately, however, the eradication of the disease here 
is more difficult since the extermination of the nematodes 
by a rotation of immune plants is obviously impossible. 
Where only two or three trees are found to be infested, 
they should be removed and destroyed, and the surround¬ 
ing soil treated with a solution of formaldehyde at the rate 
of about two to three gallons per square yard. Occasion¬ 
ally a lavish use of fertilizers and thorough cultivation ol 
the field will aid the plants to outgrow the trouble. The 
only really safe way, however, is to make certain that the 
land is not infested before the trees arc planted and then 
to be equally certain to use only uninfested nursery 
stock. It is far better in the end to take the time to tree 
the land from the pest than to have the trees remain years 
without any appreciable growth, as is too often the case 
where nematodes are abundant. It is also most unwise 
to plant a very susceptible crop, such as melons, cucum¬ 
bers, or tomatoes in a field that is to be turned into an or¬ 
chard later. 
Out of the 135.000.000 railroad ties used each year in 
the United States, New York supplies about 6 per cent 
and consumes about 16,000,000. 
