THE NATIONAL NURSERYMAN 
5 to 
1.24 „ 1.25 
Examples: . — = 8, or — = 2 o 
1.03 
1.01 
1.30 
1.30 
-= 10, or - 
1.03 1.005 
= 60 . 
(b) To determine the density of spray used: 
Decimal of concentrate . 
Formula: -= Decimal of Spray. 
No. of Dilutions ' 
Examples: 
1.26 
To 
. 026 , 
. . . Spray = 1.026 
1.27 
- = . 0054 , . . . Spray = 1.0054 
50 
This method gives final sprays of definite density and the im¬ 
portance of this is obvious when we consider the relatively small 
margins between safe and unsafe densities in the use of these solu¬ 
tions on foliage. 
With Baume hydrometers, the dilutions are obtained indirectly 
either by conversion into the Specific Gravity scale or by means of a 
special dilution table. In the latter case, however, a table is likely 
to be needed for each density of spray desired. 
The foregoing table gives the uses of the lime-sulphur 
spray, as far as our present knowledge extends: 
TIMES AND STRENGTHS OF SPRAY FOR VARIOUS PUR¬ 
POSES 
While it is believed that the densities recommended in 
this table will generally prove efficient and safe where pure 
solutions are used, 1 yet occasional injury has occurred from 
third and fourth applications when the earlier applications 
of the same strength of spray had proved entirely safe. 
Also the abundance of the application, may frequently 
affect the amount of foliage-injury nearly as much as the 
density of spray applied. 
ADVANTAGES OF HOME-MADE CONCENTRATE 
As compared with our other leading sprays the advan¬ 
tages of the storable, home-made lime-sulphur are con¬ 
spicuous. In total cost, including the making, it will pro¬ 
duce a 1.03 scale spray for about three-fourths of a cent or 
less per gallon, while the commercial preparations usually 
cost two cents or more. The known absence of superfluous 
and possibly harmful ingredients is also of some importance. 
For apple scab, it does not “russet” the fruit; it can be 
made up before hand; and in proper strengths costs about 
one-quarter cent per gallon. Bordeaux (4—4—50), on the 
other hand, russets fruit; is not storable; and costs about 
one-half cent per gallon. 
TENNESSEE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY AND 
NURSERYMEN MEET 
Dear Mr. Editor: 
The Tennessee State Horticulture Society held their meeting, 
Wednesday, Jan. 26 ; the Nurserymen held theirs Jan. 27 , at Nash¬ 
ville, Tenn., the two societies holding joint meetings. There was 
the largest attendance that they have ever had and next year it will 
be necessary to find new quarters. The fruit growers of Tennessee 
are just realizing the Horticultural possibilities of their state. 
Everyone was enthusiastic, anxious to learn and willing to tell his 
own experiences. There is no distinct line drawn between the 
orchardist and nurseryman, each taking part in the discussion of 
both meetings. The interests of both are the same, and in the meet¬ 
ings they were closely related. 
•The presence of salt in some of the commercial preparations, as indicated in the 
work at Geneva, N. Y., makes caution desirable in using them upon foliage. 
Prof. Keffer, secretary of the Horticulture Society, Prof. Bentley, 
secretary of the Nurserymen’s Association and Prof. Vorhees, local 
forecaster of ; Knoxville, take active part in the meetings and have 
done a good work for the advancement of Horticulture in Tennessee. 
Yours truly, 
W. H. Stark. 
SPRAYING TO DESTROY SAN JOSE SCALE IN 
CONNECTICUT 
Dr. W. E. Britton, New Haven, Conn. 
Another year’s work in spraying to destroy San Jose 
scale in Connecticut shows a tendency toward the use of the 
lime-sulphur mixtures rather than the oil preparations. In 
the large peach orchards of the state the owners who former¬ 
ly sprayed with lime-sulphur found it such a good fungicide 
in addition to its properties as a scale killer that they have 
never seen any need to change. Others are now returning 
to it. 
Many are also using oil preparations, which seem to be 
especially desirable for spraying old apple trees with rough 
bark, as they will undoubtedly penetrate and reach into 
cracks and crevices better than lime and sulphur. This is 
particularly true of badly infested trees, where it is desirable 
to clean them up as soon as possible. The twigs or new 
growth of the apple are somewhat pubescent, and can be 
covered better by the oil than by the lime and sulphur. 
With badly infested trees it is often advisable to spray 
twice, once in the fall and again in the spring, using oil for 
the first treatment and lime-sulphur for the second. 
There is no reason why lime and sulphur should not be 
used in the fall, except that better results will probably be 
obtained by a treatment with each, than by two treatments 
with the same mixture, and more benefit will be derived 
from the lime-sulphur as a fungicide if applied in the spring; 
also the scales will be less liable to set on the bark if coated 
with lime and sulphur through the summer. The fall 
treatment should be given early—just as soon as the leaves 
are off the trees—because the scale keeps breeding until 
about December 1st in Connecticut, and undoubtedly a 
larger proportion of the scales can be killed by any spray 
applied say, about the middle of November, than a month 
later, after the scales have reached their winter condition. 
Several nurserymen have reported excellent results in 
spraying their growing nursery trees and their bedded 
stocks with the lime-sulphur mixture. 
The commercial lime-sulphur mixtures on the market 
seem to give satisfactory results on dormant trees, especially 
if used somewhat stronger than recommended. The oil 
preparations also will be more successful in destroying the 
scale if used in the proportion of about one part to twelve 
parts of water. 
THE MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF HORTI¬ 
CULTURAL INSPECTORS II. 
The meeting was held in the Copley Square Hotel, Boston, 
December 27 th and 28 th, 1909 . 
Among those present were: F. L. Washburn, St. Anthony Park, 
Minn.; J. B. Smith, New Brunswick, N. J.; H. E. Summers, Ames, 
Iowa; G. G. Atwood, Albany, N. Y.; Franklin Sherman, Jr., 
Raleigh, N. C.; N. E. Shaw, Columbus, Ohio; H. A. Surface, Harris¬ 
burg, Pa.; E. B. Engle, Harrisburg, Pa.; J. L. Phillips, Blacksburg, 
