THE NATIONAL NURSERYMAN 
97 
Keaki alone has made the jinrikisha possible just as the 
Hickory-tree has made possible in this country the light 
wagon and the trotting horse. The demand for the wood 
has made the Keaki comparatively rare. That it was 
once a noble tree, however, is shown by the great speci¬ 
mens which have been preserved in temple gardens and 
by village roadsides. Such trees are often at best one 
hundred feet high with the trunks eight or ten feet in 
diameter. 
Edward A. and William J. Manda have become part¬ 
ners with their father, Joseph A. Manda, of West Orange, 
N. J., and the business has been incroporated under the 
name of the Joseph Manda Go. Both sons saw service 
overseas during the war. The capital stock is $100,000. 
UNITED STATES EXPORT TRADE IN APPLES 
(.Prepared by the Division of Statistics , Bureau of 
Foreign and Domestic Commerce .) 
The calendar year 1919 shows the most remarkable values in 
the history of the United States export trade in apples. These 
exports consisted of 24,704,359 pounds of dried apples, invoiced 
at $4,109,S28, and 1,712,367 barrels of ripe or green apples, 
worth $14,471,282, or an aggregate value of $18,581,110. This is 
an increase of 45 per cent in the total value, but a decrease of 36 
per cent in the quantity of dried apples and 11 per cent in the 
quantity of fresh apples exported, as compared with the pre¬ 
war calendar year 1913, when the exports were 38,734,465 pounds 
of dried apples, invoiced at $2,719,203, and 1,920,221 barrels of 
green or ripe apples, worth $7,417,400, or an aggregate value of 
$10,136,603. 
The extraordinary fluctuations in the value and volume of this 
trade for the calendar years 1913-1919 may be noted in the table 
of exports and the average annual prices given below: 
Year. 
Pounds. 
Dried 
Value. 
Average 
price per 
Green or ripe 
Average 
barrels. Value, price per 
1913 .. 
38,734,465 
$2,719,203 
pound. 
$0,070 
1,920,221 
barrel. 
$7,417,400 $3.80 
1914 .. 
31,027,551 
2,441,094 
.078 
1,541,361 
5,695,621 
3.70 
1915 .. 
33,90S,508 
2,671,601 
.078 
2,176,992 
7,686,284 
3.53 
1916 .. 
13,186.467 
1,002,007 
.076 
1,670,543 
7,205,766 
4.31 
1917 .. 
7,852,773 
691,111 
.088 
958,104 
4,496,707 
4.69 
1918 .. 
2,200,483 
311,350 
.141 
579,916 
3,135,203 
5.40 
1919 .. 
24,704,359 
4,109,828 
.166 
1,712,367 
14,471,282 
8.45 
Average Yearly Prices of Apple Exports. 
The foregoing figures would seem to indicate that the ordinary 
laws of supply and demand as affecting values were inoperative 
during the war period and the peace year 1919. In the normal 
pre-war year 1913 the average annual export price of dried ap¬ 
ples was $0.07 per pound, and of fresh apples $3.80 per barrel. 
The outbreak of the war cut off to a large extent the usual 
competition in European markets from the other great apple- 
growing countries—Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. As 
compared with 1913, there was a decrease in American exports 
cf dried apples of 7,706,914 pounds in 1914 and 4,825,957 pounds 
in 1915, without a proportionate rise in value, the average annua, 
export price for those years remaining $0,078 per pound. The 
same paradoxical situation occurred in 1916, when the exports 
were 20,722,011 pounds less than in the previous year and the 
average annual export price dropped from $0,078 to $0,076. Like¬ 
wise, exports of fresh apples declined 378,860 barrels in 1914, as 
compared with 1913, and the average price also declined from 
$3.80 in 1913 to $3.70 in 1914. 
From 1916 decreasing exportation of both dried and fresh ap¬ 
ples was a factor in the ascending scale of average annual ex¬ 
port prices, which amounted to $5.40 per barrel for fresh and 
$0,141 per pound for dried or evaporated apples in 1918, the last 
year cf the war, and achieved the high record of $8.45 per barrel 
for fresh and $0,166 per pound for dried apples in the peace 
year 1919. 
Principal Markets for American Apples. 
The combined fruit crops of the United States perhaps exceed 
in variety, quantity, and value these of any other nation. The 
most importantof these in the export trade is the apple. This 
country is one of the greatest fruit-consuming as well as fruit- 
producing nations on the globe, yet, in addition to the domestic 
consumption, $122,678,783 worth of all kinds of fruit were export¬ 
ed during the calendar year 1919, of which 15 per cent, or $18,- 
581,110, was for dried and fresh apples, not including large quan¬ 
tities of canned and preserved apple products also exported. The 
distribution of these exports by principal countries during No¬ 
vember and December, and for the calendar year 1919, was as 
follows: 
November. December. Year ended December. 
Countries. 
Quantity. 
Value. 
Quantity. Value. 
Quantity. 
Value. 
Dried Apples. 
Pounds. 
Pounds. 
Pounds. 
Belgium 
2,013,180 
$366,059 
Denmark 
50,000 
$11,000 
523,396 
$112,276 
3,512,038 
657,108 
Finland , 
324,012 
62,921 
298,400 
76,350 
893,762 
183,998 
France 
5,000 
1,075 
90,050 
19,040 
1,625,439 
191,820 
Netherlands 
30,200 
4,853 
7,250 
1,812 
490,503 
93,068 
Norway 
50,286 
8,123 
478,196 
94,080 
2,283,759 
400,006 
Sweden 
1,279,568 
238,225 
006,573 
89,363 
7,309,782 
1,296,930 
United 
Kingdom 
13,572 
2,343 
57,042 
13,752 
5,748,424 
755,048 
All other 
62,596 
15,021 
123,854 
27,541 
827,472 
165,791 
Total 
1,815,234 
343,561 
2,084,761 
434,214 
24,704,359 
4,109,828 
Green or ripe apples. 
Barrels. 
Barrels 
Barrels. 
Denmark 
1,637 
15,653 
1,167 
11,648 
33,281 
393,848 
Norway 
2,232 
21,368 
21,575 
230,683 
147,586 
1,697,143 
Sweden 
349 
3,625 
34,950 
457,119 
United 
Kingdom 
144,638 1220,962 
83,548 
815,033 
1,209,855 
9,557,126 
Canada 
37,218 
236,423 
15,166 
98,379 
158,859 
1,131,728 
Mexico 
•4,360 
33,417 
3,945 
35,251 
23,565 
193,541 
Cuba 
6,368 
61,865 
9,671 
85,577 
26,548 
245,726 
Argentina 
2,510 
33,250 
15,159 
207,822 
Brazil 
1,633 
20,233 
157 
2,005 
16,880 
206,536 
Philippine 
Islands 
4,890 
30,980 
2,742 
22,836 
15,682 
105,383 
All other 
7,435 
61,521 
4,835 
43,066 
30,002 
285,310 
Total 
213,270 1 
739,297 
142,806 
1344,478 
1,712,367 
14,471,282 
Destination of Dried-Apple Exports. 
In the pre-war fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, of the total ex¬ 
ports of dried apples from the United States, amounting to 33,- 
566,160 pounds, valued at $2,628,445, Germany purchased $1,377,- 
730 worth, the Netherlands $702,279 worth, and Belgium $120,395 
worth, the remainder being distributed among 64 other countries. 
In the calendar peace year 1919, the trade which was formerly 
with Germany passed to other European markets, chiefly Scan¬ 
dinavia and Finland. Of the total shipments of 27,704,359 
pounds of dried apples, valued at $4,109,828, Sweden received 7,- 
309,782 pounds, valued at $1,296,930; the United Kingdom, 5,748,- 
424 pounds, $755,048; Denmark, 3,512,038 pounds, $657,108; Nor¬ 
way, 2,283,759 pounds, $400,006; France, 1,625,439 pounds, $191,- 
820; Finland, 893,762 pounds, $183,998; the Netherlands, 490,503, 
pounds, $93,068; and all other countries, 827,472 pounds, valued 
at $165,791. 
Large Quantities of the Fresh Fruit Sold to United Kingdom. 
Since the colonial period the United Kingdom has offered the 
principal foreign market for fresh American apples, to which has 
been added in more recent times other British dominions, par¬ 
ticularly Canada and Australia. Prior to the war Germany also 
bought liberally of the fresh fruit. In the fiscal year 1914, of the 
total green and ripe apples exported, valued at $6,089,701, the 
United Kingdom took $3,112,956 worth, Canada $1,040,413, Ger¬ 
many $916,883, Australia $200,847, Argentina $156,839, and Brazil 
$124,520 worth, smaller amounts being shown for other countries. 
War did not seriously interfere with the exportation of fresh 
apples from the United States to Great Britain, but rather stim¬ 
ulated the demand for the American product. During the five 
fiscal years, 1914 to 1918, the United Kingdom took 60 per cent 
of the quantity and 59 per cent of the value of the total exports 
of fresh apples from this country. During the fiscal years 1910 
to 1914 the United Kingdom took an average of 65.8 per cent of 
the total quantity of fresh apples exported from the United 
States, Canada 14.3 per cent, Germany 10.1 per cent, and all 
other countries 9.8 per cent. 
As the Australian apples are marketed from May to August 
and the English crop from September to November, American 
exports are naturally largest from November to May, when the 
new crop is available at the most opportune time for marketing 
it in European countries. Next to the United Kingdom, Canada, 
Argentina, Brazil, and Australia were the best markets during 
the war for American fresh apples. Exports to Cuba, Argen¬ 
tina, and Brazil increased in value, and the Netherlands, Nor¬ 
way, Sweden, the West’ Indies, Hongkong, and the Philippines 
also took considerable amounts during the same period. The 
trade in fresh apples for that time showed an upward trend, but 
exports of dried apples declined in both quantity and total value 
each year, excepting 1915, as compared with the pre-war fiscal 
year, 1914. 
History of Export Prices. 
In the fiscal year ended September 30, 1791, 12,352 barrels of 
fresh apples, valued at $12,352, or $1 per barrel, were exported 
from the United States. The total exports of this commodity 
for the 11 years ended 1800 amounted to 90,560 barrels, for the 
decade ended 1810 to 59,670 barrels, and for 1811-1820 to 131,062 
barrels. From 1791 until 1817 the annual valuation of these ex- 
