272 
THE NATIONAL NURSERYMAN 
growth of adjacent buds. A wound made just above a 
bud stimulates greater growth than a similar wound 
made below or at the side of a bud. Wounds made in au¬ 
tumn stimulate greater growth the following season 
than do similar wounds made in spring. 
Late spring planting has given as good results as early 
spring planting, providing the trees are kept dormant 
until they are planted. The trees “heeled in” for plant¬ 
ing may be held dormant until late spring, sometimes un¬ 
til early June, by‘lifting them out of the trench, turning 
them over and again heeling them in, in the same trench 
as often as their buds show indication of starting. Sour 
cherries usually suffer a mortality of one-third to one- 
half of the number of trees when planted in spring, but 
suffer no appreciable mortality when planted in late fall. 
On the other hand, peaches and most species which are 
subject to considerable injury under Missouri conditions 
succeed best when planted in the spring. Coniferous 
evergreens do best when transplanted just as their new 
growth is starting in the late spring. Under moist soil 
and weather conditions, they may be transpanted in 
early autumn with satisfactory results. Certain trees, 
such as persimmons, native walnuts, chestnuts, hickories, 
and pecans, have given the best results by planting just 
as their new leaves are pushing out in spring. They do 
not transplant successfully when fully dormant either in 
fall or early spring. Magnolias have done best when 
transplanted during their early blossoming period; the 
tulip and sweet gum trees just as their buds were burst¬ 
ing; and most of the other slightly tender deciduous 
species before their buds start growth. 
The station’s experience has shown that in transplant¬ 
ing fruit trees, the roots generally should be set no deeper 
than they stood in the nursery; especially if the trees 
are set in the spring, at which time the soil is slow in 
warming to the depth of the lower roots. The tendency 
of trees in the orchards of this region to lean toward the 
northeast may be overcome in part by proper orientation 
of the tree when it is set in the orchard. In planting the 
tree, the side that grows heaviest in the nursery should be 
set toward the southwest. The author recommends care¬ 
ful planting in holes sufficiently large enough to accom¬ 
modate the main roots without their being bent or 
twisted. Fibrous roots should be pruned away before 
planting and the tops of young fruit trees should be 
pruned back, the degree of pruning differing with the 
character and habit of growth of the species. The roots 
of fruit trees should not be allowed to freeze in handling, 
as it has been found that they may be injured even by a 
few degrees of frost. 
Attention is called to the fact that garden vegetables 
such as cabbage, tomatoes, etc., will endure lower tem¬ 
peratures and greater extremes of drought without in¬ 
jury alter transplanting if grown slowly in the forcing 
hed. Such vegetables grown in a seed bed, of sandy soil, 
low in plant food, watered sparingly, and ventilated 
freely, have large fibrous root systems, short thick, firm 
woody stems, and a concentrated sap of low freezing 
point; vegetables grown in a seed bed of rich soil, highly 
manured, abundantly watered, and in a high temperature 
with little ventilation have scanty root systems, long 
stems, luxuriant leaves, succulence, and a less concen¬ 
trated sap of higher freezing point. 
DANGER IN BANDING TREES 
It hardly seems possible that trees can be killed by 
putting a girdle of sticky material or grease around the 
trunks to prevent caterpillars from crawling up them, 
but in two instances known to the writer, valuable trees 
were killed by this process. 
In the first instance the writer was called in to diag¬ 
nose the cause of sugar maples dying. Examination 
proved that automobile grease had been used to band 
the trunks of the trees, effectually destroying the cam¬ 
bium layers under the bark. This was conclusively 
proved by a longitudinal strip of bark being taken off 
through the place where the grease was applied. The 
inner bark was alive above and below but quite brown 
and dead where the grease was, completely girdling the 
trunk. 
All the trees on the place had been banded, the sugar 
maples all died but in the case of Norway maples, their 
bark being thicker it took longer for the grease to reach 
the inner bark, heroic measures saved them. The grease 
was washed off with hot water and soap and the tops 
thinned to reduce the foliage until new cambium layers 
had been formed. 
In the second instance the reason of injury was not 
so easily explained as one of the standard preparations 
was used, but it was evident beyond doubt that the band¬ 
ing caused the injury, as in the former instance the 
cambium layers were alive above and below but quite 
brown and dead at the banded portion. 
The trees do not die immediately as they seem to draw 
susteenance through the wood for a time but the bark 
eventually peels off completely girdling the tree when 
they succumb. 
The conclusion reached by those in charge of the trees 
was:—That while there may be no ingredients injurious 
to vegetable life in the material used it has a bad physi¬ 
cal effect if applied annually for a number of years in 
exactly the same place and however harmless the ma¬ 
terial it should be removed in the winter and applied in 
a different place when needed the following summer. 
COST SYSTEM 
In a bulletin just issued under the title, “What a Cost 
System Should Do for You,” the Fabricated Production 
Department of the Chamber of Commerce of the United 
States calls attention to the purpose and value of cost 
accounting. 
'Accurate information regarding the various elements 
which go to make up costs,” says the bulletin, “auto¬ 
matically eliminates arbitrary, empirical or guess costs 
which prevail to a surprising degree among manufact¬ 
urers. Cost keeping brings to light inefficiencies in sys¬ 
tem by calling to attention the cost of its operation and 
points out equipment that has become inadequate by 
showing an excessive cost of product coming therefrom; 
it points out employes who are below the standard re¬ 
quired and permits of performances being kept within 
certain limits by watching the accumulation of costs. 
Inci eased production depends largely on the intimate 
knowledge the management has of all elements in their 
manufacturing operations which can only be supplied 
