274 
THE NATIONAL NURSERYMAN 
through an adequate cost system. It enables them to 
establish proper control and increase output as warrant¬ 
ed by the cost record. 
“In many plants considerable sums of money are spent 
to establish a standard practice of operation. From time 
to time certain variations from the established standard 
practice occur, affecting costs in an adverse way. Timely 
costs reports showing what is happening, rather than 
what has happened, suggest immediate correction of 
such inefficiencies. It is not sufficient that executives 
know that expenditures are excessive; they should be 
supplied with information to show exactly where these 
excessive expenditures occur and take action. Definite 
responsibility for expenditure as the authority to make 
the expenditure should he fixed by an adequate system 
of cost accounting.” 
The bulletin takes occasion to say that part of the 
work of the Fabricated Production Department will be 
to assist organizations in obtaining for the industries 
they represent cost systems as practicable and as simple 
as possible. 
“We shall not either devise or install cost systems,” 
it says, “but by co-operative study of each situation, 
aided by the contributed experience of trade organiza¬ 
tions and expert knowledge of the subject, help those 
who are disposed to help themselves.” 
A NEW SYSTEM OF BUDDING 
We wondered after writing this heading if we have 
really anything new to lay before our readers, for as the 
wise man said, “There is nothing new under the sun.” 
However, let us say it is new to us. Last week we had 
a visit from one of our New Zealand confreres, Mr. Lip- 
piatt, of Otahuhu. In walking round the fruit trees he 
remarked upon a Cox’s Orange Pippin which had over¬ 
grown the paradise stock upon which it was worked, “I 
see you use wood buds.” Now we have always thought 
that the swelling at the point of junction was caused by 
the bud or graft being more vigorous than the stock, and 
the phrase used by our visitor was Greek to us, so we 
had to ask what was meant by a “wood bud.” He ex¬ 
plained that in taking a bud of either a rose or fruit 
tree, we cut a small portion of wood with the bud, and 
took this out before inserting the bud; to which we re¬ 
plied, “Certainly, how can it be done otherwise?” The 
reply came quickly, a knife was produced and a bud 
sliced off with the bark only, and this was promptly slip¬ 
ped into a branch, showing that the operator was no nov¬ 
ice or simply theorist. 
Mr. Lippiatt stated that this was the common practice 
in New Zealand, and that in many American nurseries 
they would not employ a man who used any other 
method. His contention was that a bud which had wood 
removed from it never made so good a union, and that 
it did not fit so smoothly to the stock, caused swelling 
and was more likely to die, and lastly, that the operation 
was much slower. We tested the last point on the next 
working day, and given a really sharp knife there is no 
difficulty about it, and certainly time is saved. The 
stocks so worked we have marked and shall be interested 
to see if there is any benefit to be seen in the results. 
The method may be known to growers in this country, 
but if il be we have never heard of it previously, and we 
thought it w as worth bringing to the notice of our read¬ 
ers, many of whom will not have finished their budding 
and who might like to give it a trial .—The Horticultural 
Advertiser. - 
A WHITE PINE STAND GROWS 1,000 BOARD FEET 
A YEAR 
Two acres of white pine, near Keene, N. H., were sold 
three or four years ago, before the war prices, for $2,000 
on the stump. The total stand was 254 cords, which 
equals 170,000 board feet, or an average of 85,000 feet 
per acre. The trees were from 80 to 85 years old; so the 
growth on each acre was about 1,000 feet per annum and 
the gross returns about $12.20 per acre per annum. 
WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA APPLE SHOW 
The Fruit Growers of Western North Carolina, Ash- 
ville Board of Trade and the North Carolina Department 
of Agriculture, cooperating, organized the Western North 
Carolina Apple Show which was held October 27, 28, 
and 29 at Ashville. 
This section of the country is fast forging to the front 
as an apple growing district, having made a gain along 
this line of over 400 per cent in the last fen years. 
Judging from the prize schedule and program the right 
kind of men have got together to let the world know of 
this wonderful fruit district. 
PRUNING EVERGREENS 
Evergreens after they have left the hands of the nur¬ 
seryman and have been planted in their permanent quar¬ 
ters, rarely need much pruning. In fact, it would not be 
a bad idea for the nurseryman to tell all inquiring cus¬ 
tomers that they never do need pruning. It is, of course, 
always in order to prune away the interior dead twigs. 
In fact, it should be strongly recommended in close grow¬ 
ing subjects like Retinispora squarrosa and in some of 
the Spruces or any evergreen that gets an accumulation 
of dead leaves and twigs in the center, as it is only a har¬ 
bor for red spider and other pests. 
This cleaning out of the centers is really worth while 
from the apparent beneficial results it has on the plant. 
Other pruning of well grown plants is scarcely neces¬ 
sary, or at least should be confined to shortening the cur¬ 
rent year’s growth, if it is desired to have them very 
bushy. 
Exception must be made, of course, to topiary work 
where evergreens are annually clipped into fantastic 
unnatural shapes. This is a proposition entirely aside 
from pruning for the welfare of the tree or plant. There 
is too much clipping done to evergreens. In many places 
it is an annual operation that could very well be dis¬ 
pensed with to the great advantage in the appearance of 
the place. Such plants as the common Retinisporas, 
Junipers, etc., are often clipped until the poor things die 
in despair. Just as soon as the plant puts out its beau¬ 
tiful green foliage in spring, the would be gardener clips 
it all off. If the same labor was directed in cleaning out 
the inside and merely cutting off with a knife any strag¬ 
gling twig or branch, the specimen would be much more 
pleasing in shape if allowed to resume its natural habit. 
