THE NATIONAL NURSERYMAN 
87 
Potassium Sulfide Solution. 
Potassium sulfide (Liver of sulfur). y—1 oz. 
Water . x gallon 
This preparation loses its strength upon standing, and shoulp 
therefore be made immediately before using. Particularly valuable 
for surface mildews. 
Hellebore. 
Fresh white hellebore. 1 ounce 
Water .:. 3 gallons 
Apply when thoroughly mixed. This poison is not so energetic 
as the arsenites, and may be used to within a short time before the 
edible portions of the plant mature. It is important to have fresh 
powder. For insects which chew. 
KEROSENE EMULSIONS. 
Maxwell Dust-Spray, i 
1 bbl. fresh lime. 
25 lbs. copper sulfate. 
5 “ concentrated lye. 
25 “ powdered sulfur. 
6 “ Paris green. 
Spread lime in large shallow box, breaking into as small lumps as 
possible. Dissolve the copper sulfate in six gallons boiling water; 
also dissolve the lye in five gallons hot water. Keep separate 
Sprinkle copper sulfate solution over the lime. Follow with lye 
water. If the lime does not all crumble to a dust, use clear water to 
finish. Screen the lime through a fine sieve, rub the sulfur through 
the sieve into the lime, add the Paris green and thoroughly mix both 
with lime. Lime should crumble to powder, not granules. 
Copper sulfate water must be used hot, or the copper will re¬ 
crystallize. Mixing should be done out of doors or in separate build¬ 
ing, as lim^in slaking becomes very hot. 
Hard, soft or whale oil soap. y pound 
Boiling soft water ... 1 gallon 
Kerosene. 2 gallons 
Dissolve the soap in the water, add the kerosene, and churn with 
a pump for 5 to 10 minutes. Dilute 4 to 10 times before applying. 
Use strong emulsion for all scale insects. For such insects as 
plant-lice, mealy-bugs, red spider, thrips, weaker preparations will 
prove effective. Cabbage-worms, and some other insects which 
have soft bodies, can also 
be successfully treated. 
It is advisable to make 
the emulsion shortly be¬ 
fore it is used for insects 
that suck their food. For 
San Jose scale it is recom¬ 
mended to use 1 pound of 
whale oil soap and dilute 
in proportion of one part 
to six of water. Especi¬ 
ally effective in summer 
to kill young and tender 
lice. 
Kerosene-Lime 
Emulsion. 
Air-slaked lime. Impound 
Kerosene.1 quart 
Water.2 gallons. 
Missouri Experiment Station Dust-Spray. 
To make 70 pounds of stock powder: 
4 lbs. copper sulfate. 
4 “ quick-lime. 
2 y gallons water in which to dissolve copper sulfate. 
2 J2 “ “ “ “ “ slake quick-lime. 
60 lbs. air slaked lime thoroughly sifted. 
Dissolve the copper sulfate and slake quick-lime separately, each 
in 2 y gallons water. 
Pour at same time milk 
of lime and copper solu¬ 
tion into a third vessel 
and stir thoroughly. 
Surplus water is then 
strained out and remain¬ 
ing wet material is thor¬ 
oughly mixed with the 
60 pounds of air-slaked 
lime. All lumps must 
be sifted out and the 
mixture must be perfect¬ 
ly dry. One pound each 
of sulfur and Paris green 
may be added. 
These dust sprays are 
not recommended where 
water is readily available 
and where liquid spray 
machines can be operated 
satisfactorily." Their 
fungicidal value as dem¬ 
onstrated by various 
experiments is compara¬ 
tively weak. 
Mix lime and kerosene, 
stirring thoroughly till a 
smooth mixture is ob¬ 
tained. Add water and 
stir in. Apply direct for 
sucking insects such as 
scale, aphis, etc. 
Kerosene-Flour Emulsion. 
How The Compressed-Air System Looks. The W. H. Owen Co. 
Soluble or Miscible Oils. 
Flour. y 2 pound 
Kerosene. 1 quart 
Water . 2 gallons 
For the same purpose and made in the same way as the above. 
Tobacco Water. 
This solution may be prepared by placing tobacco stems or leaves 
in a water-tight vessel, and then covering them with hot water. 
Allow to stand several hours or until color of strong coffee; dilute 
the liquor from 3 to 5 times for sucking insects. For aphis and soft 
bodied insects, not so effective as whale oil soap or kerosene emul¬ 
sion. 
Sticker. 
Resin. 2 pounds 
Sal-soda (crystals) . 1 pound 
Water . 1 gallon 
Boil until of a clear brown color—1 to hours. Cook in iron 
kettle in the open. Useful for onions, cabbage and other plants 
hard to wet. Add this amount to each 50 gallons of Bordeaux. 
For other plants add this amount to each 100 gallons of the mixture. 
This mixture will prevent the Bordeaux from being washed off by 
the heaviest rains. 
Whale Oil Soap. 
Dissolve in hot water if wanted quickly. For use on dormant 
trees for San Jose Scale dilute 2 pounds to 1 gallon water; for sum¬ 
mer use on ^cale or aphis 1 pound to 5 to 7 gallons water. 
These are preparations of petroleum oils, for sucking insects 
(scale, etc.), mixed in such a way as to emulsify readily when poured 
into water. They are put on the market under various names. 
They are ordinarily diluted 12 to 15 or more times when used. That 
is, one gallon of the “soluble oil” is to be mixed with twelve or fifteen 
gallons of water. After stirring, it is ready for use. In this respect, 
they are exceedingly convenient and commend themselves to the 
orchardist. This spray, however, costs considerably more than 
lime-sulphur. Some have used these materials with excellent 
results, others report complete failure, while others find that the 
results are inconstant in character. They are to be used only'during 
the dormant period in the strengths mentioned. At present it does 
not appear to be safe to use them on trees in foliage. We recom¬ 
mend each grower to use these mixtures experimentally until their 
efficacy has been more definitely established. 
FUMIGATION OF NURSERY STOCK. 
Some General Rules. 
Do not fumigate trees when they are wet. Fumigate from half 
to three quarters of an hour. Do not leave the gas in the house over 
night. A house ten feet square will answer for a nursery of one 
hundred acres. Find your space, figure amount of chemicals 
needed and post in a convenient place for reference. 
Formula for ioo Cubic Feet of Space. 
1 oz. Potassium Cyanide. 98-100 per cent, purity. 
2 ozs. (fluid) Sulphuric acid .... 66° B test. 
4 ozs. Water. 
For a room 10x10x8 ft., the following charge would be required: 
y lb. Potassium Cyanide. 
16 ozs. Sulphuric Acid, 1 pint. 
32 ozs. Water, 1 quart. 
