224 
THE NATIONAL NURSERYMAN 
the embargo on all planting and forestry material. 
from an extended observation and familiarity with 
these subjects, it is my conviction that for every dollar 
saved the people of the United States by this Quarantine 
and the proposed tariff, the actual cost will be at least 
two dollars, and an increasing cost every year in future 
so long as these extreme measures remain in force. 
If experience of the past be any guide for the future, 
any political party responsible for such a tariff as the 
present fordney bill would be and should be riding rap¬ 
idly to a fall. 
freezing injury in apple roots, and in nearly all cases in 
which the material was allowed to dry, its resistance 
was increased. The difference in the response to cold of 
the moist tissue and the dry tissue is thought to be due 
to the smaller ice masses formed in the dry root. It is 
suggested further that causes other than dehydration 
must be considered as contributing to the phenomenon 
of freezing of the plant tissue .—Experiment Station 
lie cord. 
/ 
THE CONNECTICUT NURSERYMEN’S ASSOCIATION 
RESISTANCE OF THE ROOTS OF 
SOME FRUIT 
SPECIES TO LOW TEMPERATURE 
On account of the injury frequently done to the roots 
of fruit trees and bushes by freezing and the possible 
bearing resistance to cold may have on uses of stocks, 
I he author conducted a series of experiments in which 
roots of various species and varieties were subjected to 
artificial temperatures from 7 to 20.5 degrees C. The 
temperatures were reduced gradually and held at the 
minimum for 15 minutes, after which the peices of roots 
were rather rapidly thawed out. An inspection of the 
roots for injury was usually made within from one to 
three days after exposure. At first microtome sections 
were prepared and the character of the injury deter¬ 
mined with a low-power miscroscope, but this was soon 
found unnecessary since the color changes of the frozen 
cells, with the exception of the gooseberry and currant, 
were rather striking. The state of maturity and the dia¬ 
meter of the roots were found to be the most important 
factors in determining the resistance to freezing of all 
species tested. 
There was found to be little difference in hardiness of 
the roots between American and French apple seedlings. 
French pear stock appeared more tender than Kieffer 
stock, and the roots of both were less resistant to freez¬ 
ing than the apple. Peach roots on which the variety El- 
berta had been budded were found about equal in re¬ 
sistance to the Kieffer pear. Of four cherry stocks tested 
the order of hardiness was Mahaleb, Prunus besseyi, P. 
pennsylvanicum, and Mazzard, the Mahaleb stock being 
considerably more resistant than the apple, while the 
Mazzard was about equal to that of the French pear. My- 
robalan plums were in about the same category as 
French pears and Mazzard cherries. 
Of six varieties of grapes studied, the roots of the 
Clinton and the Concord were the hardiest, being about 
equal to the Mahaleb cherry. No significant differences 
were seen between the hardiness of blackberry and red 
raspberry roots. The loots of the Downing gooseberry 
were found more resistant than those of the Wilder cur¬ 
rant. Gooseberry and currant Toots in general appeared 
hardier than any other roots examined. 
I he freezing-point depression of the Wilder currant 
sap was found greater than that of the apple sap. and 
sap from the upper half of American-grown apple roots 
was ol a higher concentration than that from the lower 
hall of the same roots. The upper half of the roots was 
also more resistant to cold. 
A rapid fall in temperature was found to increase the 
A pleasant day, good eats and the largest crowd that 
ever attended a summer outing of the Connecticut Nur¬ 
serymen’s Association combined to make Thursday. 
August 18th a memorable one in the annals of this Or¬ 
ganization. 
The Entertainment Committee composed of Paul Hub- 
hard and Walter Campbell made an effort to secure the 
use of the new State Park at Madison. Lack of facilities 
at that place made it necessary to fall back on the old 
reliable place, Lake Compounce at Bristol. 
So, with few exceptions every Nurseryman with his 
family hitched up 'old tin lizzie" and hied himself over 
to Compounce where Messrs. Pierce and Norton did 
themselves justice with an old time Sheep Bake. 
Of special interest on the program of sports was the 
ball game between two teams captained by President 
Gottschalk and Secretary Rippin. Rippin could not 
get his spit-ball working with the result that Gottschalk’s 
team walked off with the game. However, it was hinted 
that the Umpire might have been “fixed” as it was no¬ 
ticed that SHE was taking in all the attractions after the 
game and spending money like a ‘Drunken sailor.” 
At a short business session it was decided to hold the 
annual winter meeting at New Haven. The “pep” in¬ 
stilled into the organization by its present officers is sure 
to reflect, itself once more, by a record breaking winter 
attendance. 
THE PASSING OF A FRIEND 
As we go about our work from day to day the thought 
that we may be called to our Maker at any moment, rare¬ 
ly occurs to us, until death snatches from our midst, one 
who has been a long and dear friend. 
Such is the case now, when we hear of the passing of 
that fine old man, Peter Youngers. 
A man, whose friends were numberless, a man we 
were always glad to meet, a man with no enemies, a 
man whom it was a pleasure and privilege to have for a 
friend. 
Pete,” as he was familiarly known among his 
friends, was a member ol the American Association of 
Nurserymen for probably upwards of twenty-five years, 
and rarely missed a Convention. He was Treasurer of 
of the Protective Association for many years, and as its 
Secretary, I was in close touch with him. In the details 
ol this work he prided himself on the accuracy of his 
figures, and in all the years he handled the funds of the 
Association, there was never a time when his reports 
were not accurate to the last cent. 
