80 
THE NATIONAL NURSERYMAN 
prove that green erops j)l()wed under and eheniieal fer¬ 
tilizers will eventually supereede the use of animal 
manure or whether we shall discover a synfhelie pro¬ 
duct that will he used to make up the shortage. 
Some years ago a process was patented which sug¬ 
gests {)ossihilities along this line. 
The process was to extract plant food from waste 
vegetable or any organic matter without breaking it 
down by bacterial processes as is done when it is rotted. 
The process by boiling with a solvent. Tt was claimed 
in theory that the same bacteria which caused the ma¬ 
nure pile to rot were also destructive to growing ])lants 
and if the plant food could be j)roduced without their 
aid. it would be just that much gain. 
Who knows, in the future we may feed our plants 
on boiled ham and cabbage. 
CHOWN-GALL 
British Ministry of Ayriculture Leaflet No. 245 
Crown-gall is very destructive to nursery stock, as 
the disease spreads rapidly along the rows, killing a 
large number of seedlings outright. When older trees 
become infected, the galls may continue to be produced 
for many years, the trees living on. but making less 
growth and j)roducing a smaller quantity of fruit which 
is of an inferior quality to that of a healthy tree. Under 
such circumstances it is false economy to allow such 
trees to remain standing. 
The galls are usually formed just under ground on 
the collar or root, and so escape observation. They com¬ 
mence growth as minute, wart-like bodies; growth is 
rapid, and the surface of the gall becomes coarsely 
warted and dark colored, and varies in size from two 
to three inches in diameter to that of a football, or even 
large]'. The galls usually decay at the end of one sea¬ 
son’s growth, and leave an open wound, which })ene- 
trates for some distance into the wood. The following 
season gall growth commences round the edge of the 
wound formed in the previous season. These galls per¬ 
ish in turn, and the })rocess is repeated each season, re¬ 
sulting in a large, deep wound. When two or three 
such wounds are i)resent on different sides of the col¬ 
lar, the tree usually breaks off at the wounded part. 
Two distinct organisms have been found to occur in 
the tissues of the galls, but a bacterium. tame- 
faciens, has been proved, in America, to be the primary 
cause of the disease. 
As crown-gall is caused by a parasite and is highly 
contagious, measures should be taken to ])revent the 
dis])ersion of the disease on the part of nurserymen and 
fruit growers. 
Its widespread dissemination in the fruit-growing 
regions of the United States is attributed to the whole¬ 
sale distribution of infected stock from nurseries, and 
to negligence in the disposal of diseased material. 
Badly diseased trees shold be removed, and the galls 
along with the wood in their vicinity should be burned 
at once. When trees are only slightly diseased, the galls 
should be cut away, and the wounds covered with a 
paste composed of two parts of sulphate of copper (blue- 
stoneU one |)art of sulphate of iron, and three parts of 
(juicklime. 
Quickliiiie should be worked into the soil in orchards 
known to he infected.— Horticultural Advertiser. 
CERTIFICATION OF APPLE TREES 
The certification of apple trees in nurseries, for true¬ 
ness to name, is offered again this year by the Massachu¬ 
setts Fruit Growers’ Association, according to the secre¬ 
tary, R. A. Van Meter, of Amherst, Mass. The associa¬ 
tion is prepared to certify apple stocks at cost for any 
nurseryman making application before x4pril first. The 
total cost to the nurseryman of examining and sealing 
has larely exceeded two cents per tree. Dr. J. K. Shaw, 
of the Massachusetts I]xperiment Station will, as in 
former years, act as the agent of the association in cer¬ 
tification work. 
About 65,000 trees w ere certified last year. The re¬ 
sults have been so satisfactory to both growers and nur¬ 
serymen that a substantial increase in the demand for 
certification work is expected. 
OHIO STxVTE NURSERYMT]N’S ASSOCIATION 
The seventeenth annual meeting of the Ohio State Nur¬ 
serymen’s x\ssociation was held at the New Southern 
Hotel in Columbus, Ohio, on February 6th and 7th, 1924, 
with about sixty members present. 
The meeting was addressed by Mr. ,4. C. Ilottes, of the 
Horticultural Department of Ohio State University, who 
explained in detail the advantages already accruing from 
the establishment of the arboretum at the university. 
Mr. W. B. Cole told of the many labor-saving devices 
ill use in his nursery that have been installed for the pur¬ 
pose of aiding in the cultivation, digging, storing and 
shipping of nursery stock. 
The Relation of the Nurseryman to the Landscape x4r- 
chitecl was ably discussed by Professor R. W. Sears, of 
the Landscape Department of the State University. 
The steps that the State is taking in the establishment 
of permanent forest areas explained by Mr. Edmund Se- 
crist, of the State Experimental Station. Much interest 
was shown in the purchase of Bryan Park by the State 
and if plans materialize, this w ill be made one of the most 
extensive natural parks in this section of the country. 
New' officers were elected as follows: 
President, T. B. West, of Perry, Ohio; vice president, 
Edward Jenkins, \44nona, Ohio; treasurer, x4. R. Pickett, 
Clyde. Ohio; secretary, Howard Scarff, New^ Carlisle, 
Ohio. Executive Committee: H. S. Day. Fremont, Ohio; 
W. B. Cole, Painesville, Ohio; P. M. Buyei’s, Clyde, Ohio; 
C. 0. Siebenthaler. Dayton, Ohio; T. H. Dinsmore, Troy, 
Ohio. 
In his report from the Bureau of Nursery and Or¬ 
chard Insjiection, Chief Insjiector Richard Faxon ex¬ 
plained that the quarantine existing on the iiiipoitation 
of Christmas trees would undoubtedly be made more 
stringent. The raspherry disease situation w as becoming 
