Feb. ii, 1911.] 
forest and stream. 
Uture growth. The close planting produces a 
crowded and shaded condition which kills off 
the side branches when the trees are small, re¬ 
duces the number and size of the knots’and 
finally makes a higher grade of lumber. 
1 he amount of moisture required by trees de¬ 
pends upon their root system. Such trees as the 
Scotch, Austrian and red pines, also black locust 
and red oak, make satisfactory growths upon dry 
soils because their long tap roots are able to 
take up moisture from the lower sub soil. No 
trees require or can make a satisfactory growth 
in cold soils thoroughly saturated with water, as 
sir in the soil is necessary. 
Whenever pasture or other lands of but little 
shade are to be planted with pine, the two-year- 
old seedlings are sufficiently large. In planting 
spruce only transplants should be used. When 
planting under heavy shade only transplants 
should be used, and if the shade is dense, the 
species which endure shade are most desirable 
to use. 
In the destruction of forests by axe and fire, 
which has been taking place in this country ever 
since settlement began, vast areas not adapted 
to agricultural purposes have been cleared, placed 
in farms, tilled for a time, the soil exhausted 
and then abandoned. These areas are of vary¬ 
ing size, but in the aggregate are extensive. In 
some places they include a few acres of an oc¬ 
cupied farm; at others they embrace entire 
abandoned farms. This land is lying idle, is not 
producing any revenue for its owner; in fact, 
is held at a loss because taxes must be paid, and 
the interest on the capital invested is lost. A 
large area of such idle land in any State is just 
as serious an economic proposition as idle labor 
because both are non-productive. 
. Such land should be planted with small trees 
in order to grow forest crops and reap a future 
profit. The resulting forests will also make the 
country more beautiful, more habitable, more 
healthful and more enjoyable. These forests 
will protect the hillsides from erosion, prevent 
the floods which carry down debris and devas¬ 
tate the lowlands, and will make the water in 
the streams more equable in its flow. These 
streams rendered cooler by the shade will sup- 
port more fish, and the forest cover will also 
afford a shelter for birds and game. We can 
secure all of these benefits and at the same time 
realize a large profit from these idle lands if 
they are placed under wood crops. 
Naturally every investment is attended with 
some risk, but in case of forest properties the 
owner must care for his own property, and to 
a very large extent his own policy determines 
its safety. In reforesting there are but four 
risks to be considered. They are injury from 
domestic animals, forest fire, insect pests and 
plant disease. 
. There ls but little use in attempting reforest¬ 
ing unless the plantation is to be protected. In 
any case all domestic animals must be excluded 
after planting. They not only stamp down and 
injure the small trees, but often eat them off 
producing stunted or deformed trees, 
b ire is the worst enemy of young trees. A 
l h" ? n ’ ° r ' n faCt any forest growth, should 
always be protected from this danger. 
Reforesting has been going on in this State 
evera! years, but it is difficult t0 determine a „ 
tnat has been accomplished. 
Several large landowners have their own nur- 
233 
CHARLES 
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