ttERAMIC STUDIO 
269 
Fig. 12.— A, neck; jl», . 
DD, partition; EE, stem; FF, thick 
At this point, we recognize the usefulness of the sur- 
plus metal allowed at the joints; for, if the mould be not 
absolutely impervious, the pewter floods in all directions 
and no complete proof can be obtained. 
The fitter files, or planes, the six sections of the walls 
which may be joined perfectly. He measures by compass 
the upper and the lower openings of the model, so that those 
of the casting may correspond exactly. As the bench- 
marks no longer exist, he begins by joining his three sections 
exactly and holding them together with steel clamps so as 
to form a single piece (Figure 16, 11 D D). 
C, core ef the cap; 
lid; G, center- pin of the < 
sand of the frame is very dry, well cleansed and, above all, 
well smoked. 
The founder, having placed the frame in an inclined 
position, firmly grasps the crucible with the tongs, brings 
its edge, or spout, near the funnel of the frame and pours 
out the molten metal constantly and evenly, until it reaches 
the opening of the mold. The operation is now complete. 
Having allowed the mass to cool for several hours, the 
founder breaks open the sand-mould and removes the cast- 
ing, which, if successful, appears covered with an intricate 
pattern of channels (Figure 15, B B). These gates are 
removed with saw or file and the casting is left clean (Fig- 
ure 15, A A A). 
Our five pieces are obtained as well as as the core. 
The core is much the thickest and this portion the judi- 
cious founder will feed by wider gates in order to provide 
it with the necessary metal. 
THE ADJUSTMENT OP HARD METAL MOULDS 
The fitter finishes the mould. He begins by cleaning 
the separate pieces in diluted nitric acid. He rinses and 
Fig. 13 — A, neck; B B, shape of 
DDDD, bolts; E E E, stems 
re of the foot; 
1 of the neck. 
dries them, and files away the surplus metal which the 
founder removed roughly. The fitter then examines mi- 
nutely the three sections to assure himself that during 
casting, or cooling, they have not changed in form. 
After annealing his pieces, if it be necessary and possi- 
ble, he can rectify them with the hammer, striking them 
on the outside and resting the sections upon lead, or wood. 
He shapes them at the points which, in his judgment, re- 
quire attention; his work with the file having simply re- 
moved superfluous metal. 
Fig. 14 — A, frame; B, beaten sand; C, funnel; D, crucible; E, pincers. 
At the top and the bottom, he perforates the 
metal walls surrounding each section, so as to insert a dowel; 
a kind of round-headed clamp which will project but slightly 
on the inside of the joints of the sections thus united. He 
returns to the two pieces containing the neck and cuts 
with the graving-tool in each flat surface of the neck a 
canal (Figure 17, A A A) which he expands into a funnel at 
the outside of the sections, diminishes progresisvely to- 
ward the inside, in order to lead the metal into the mould. 
But close to the inside edge of the mould, the depth of the. 
channel must be lessened, to allow the flow of metal to be 
broken in the canal when the casting is completed. This 
important point obtained, we can now easily handle the 
mould which has been thus made firm. 
We next place it on the lathe and center it with pre- 
Fig. 15— A A, channels; B B B, piece of 
