HUNTING 
WITH A 
CAMERA 
By 
A. BROOKER KLUGH 
C ORRECT exposure is the 
foundation of photo- 
graphic success. The 
old idea that errors in exposure 
could be compensated for in 
development has been complete¬ 
ly exploded by modern photo¬ 
graphic research, though a good 
many photographers still adhere 
to this belief and seem reluctant 
to accept the fact that the qual¬ 
ity of a negative is determined 
by the exposure and that devel¬ 
opment is a definite chemical 
reaction which renders perma¬ 
nent the effect of light action. 
The factors which have to be 
taken into consideration in ex¬ 
posure are: 
1. The light intensity, which 
depends upon— 
A. The weather conditions. 
B. The time of day. 
C. The season. 
D. The degree of illumination ( 
in direct sunlight or in shade). 
E. The direction of illumination. 
2. The subject. 
3. The stop. 
4. The bellows extension. 
5. The speed of the plate. 
6. The type of shutter. 
1. With regard to the sub- 
tors under light intensity the 
lowing facts 
should be men¬ 
tioned. A.—The 
light is of the 
highest actinic 
value on a sun¬ 
shiny day with 
white clouds in 
the sky, because f* 1 
the latter reflect 
light on the sub¬ 
ject. mu 
B. and C. — In 
June, July and 
August the hours 
from 9 to 3 in¬ 
clusive m a y be 
taken as unity in 
calculating expo- 
Gonceded to be among the finest ever pub¬ 
lished are these remarkable articles on 
wild-life photography . . . the joy, the thrill 
of “Camera Shooting” has seldom if ever 
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sures. In April, May, September 
and October the hours from 10 to 2 
may be so regarded. In November, 
December, January and February only 
the hours from 11 to 1 can be taken as 
unity. D.—If the subject is in dense 
shade the exposure should be twelve 
times as long as for a subject in direct 
sunlight. E.—If the light falls from 
one side, or from slightly behind, 
i. e. 
A Series 
of 
Practical 
Articles 
on 
Wild Life 
Photography 
double the exposure is required 
as compared with a subject il- v 
luminated by “flat lighting,” 
i. e., directly from the front. 
2. The closer the subject 
the less light is reflected from 
it and the longer the exposure. 
Most of the wild - life pho¬ 
tographer’s pictures are “close- 
ups,” and call for twice the 
exposure for a landscape with 
strong foreground. When a 
distant view is taken, to show 
the nature of the country in¬ 
habited by a certain species, 
one-half the exposure for a 
strong-foreground landscape 
should be given. 
3. Taking f:8 as unity the 
different stops require the fol¬ 
lowing exposures: 
f:4.5 f:6 f:8 f:ll f:16 f:22 f:32 
i/ 3 i/ 2 1 2 4 8 16 
4. When a long bellows extension 
is used in photographing very close 
objects the rule which must be applied 
is: 
The square of the focal length of 
the lens is to the square of the bellows 
extension as the normal exposure is 
to the required exposure. 
5. As medium speed, rapid, and 
ultra-rapid plates only are used in 
wild life photography the exposures 
for slow plates 
do not need to be 
considered. Tak¬ 
ing a medium 
speed plate (250 
H & D) as unity, 
rapid plates (300- 
400 H & D) re¬ 
quire one-half the 
exposure, ultra¬ 
rapid plates of 
500 H & D re¬ 
quire one - third, 
and ultra - rapid 
plates of 650-700 
H & D need only 
one-quarter the 
exposure. 
Page 492 
