RERAMIC STUDIO 
267 
m m m 
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sand one full inch thick so that the sagger will have the whole 
surface of its base well supported. In kilns with down 
draft, this bottom sagger should rest on three small bricks 
placed in the shape of a triangle, so that the flame will freety 
circulate under the bung (Fig. 73). The big center bung, 
being on the opening of the chimney, must be raised a little 
more than the others (Fig. 72), to allow the flames to flow 
freeh" into the chimney. 
These columns of saggers which are 4 inches distant from 
each other and sometimes more, are supported between them- 
selves and also bet\veen the bungs and the sides of the kilns, 
by props (Fig. 75) made of fragments of old rings and cemented, 
not with lute, but with fresh firebrick clay. Thus propped the 
piles constitute a stable, unshakable block, with the necessarj- 
spaces for free circulation of the flame and its correct distri- 
bution in every part of the firing chamber (Fig. 76, p. 194 
Jan. 1904) . To neglect anj^- of these precautions, is to risk the 
displacement or a collapse of a bung, with the irretrievable 
loss of the pieces it contains. And notwithstanding these 
precautions, unexpected accidents occasionallj- occur. 
The bung placed in front of the door must contain the 
sagger for the cones. This sagger is placed at f (Fig. 77) of the 
height from the bottom to the vault. The cones and trial 
pieces are arranged so that they can be easily watched during 
the whole firing. This is a verj/ important point. Here is the 
arrangement which I use: 
Cones 06 or 013 are placed on the left; then cone I and on 
the right 7, between 7 and i place 8; 9 comes next, then 10 on 
the left. When the time to observe 9 and 10 has come, cones 
06 and I have disappeared and cannot hide the others. The 
trial pieces are behind. 
To prevent the cones from accidentally falling during the 
firing, it is well to place around their base a wad of lute (Fig. 
87).' 
When in a small kiln one has to fire only two or three 
large pieces, they are placed in large saggers which are set 
across the top. This consists (Fig. 79) in resting the sagger or 
saggers which contain the large pieces on 2, 3, 4 or even 5 
if, 
'%-'7f 
H77 
l3ungs, which need not have the same diameter, but must have 
the same height. First large balls of lute are placed at equal 
distances on all points of contact with the bungs. On these 
balls is placed a large covering bat and on this bat the crossing 
sagger is set, perfectly level. 
2 . For™, ^ ^„^i^ ' 
When the setting is completed, the doors are closed with 
two briclc walls the outside of which is covered with a coat of 
clayey dirt or mortar made of damp sand mixed with clay. 
Clay 50 
Common yellow sand 50 
These two materials are found everywhere. 
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At Limoges and even at Sevres, a space of 4 to 5^ inches 
onty is left between the two walls, so that the first w^all is as 
much as 5^ and even 7^ inches inside the wall of the kiln. I 
think that it is more correct to give to the door the exact 
