THE CONDITION OF OUB NATIONAL UNIVERSITIES. 173 
wills which had been ignored. Speaking generally, any regulation 
which proved inconvenient to the governing bodies was (|uietly 
ignored. It had been computed that at Oxford the incomes of the 
heads of colleges were worth £ 18,000 ; the Fellowships, £11 6, 000; 
the scholarships, £6,600; college offices, £15,000; room rent, 
£11,000. The gross annual income of the seventeen colleges at 
Cambridge was given, in 1852, as about £185,000 a year. The 
livings in the gift of the colleges at Oxford were worth £136,500 
a year, and the livings in the gift of the Cambridge colleges might 
safely be put at £100,000 a year. They would be considerably 
below the mark if they took the revenues at the disposal of the 
Universities at £600,000 a year. In the way of education, next 
to nothing was done with this enormous income. Every student 
paid for his board and lodging, and on first being entered on the 
books of a college paid what was called caution money. Many 
other payments had to be made by the students, not one of which 
had been included in his estimate of University revenues. The 
£350,000 a year — excluding the value of the college livings — was 
employed in a manner which was not only wholly inconsistent 
with the spirit of the present day, but absolutely in defiance of the 
injunctions of the founders. It went to the maintenance of some 
660 Fellows — about half of whom never came near the University 
at all ; who did nothing whatever in return for the handsome 
stipends they received, for those that engaged in public or private 
tuition were paid, and not badly paid, by the students ; who, 
generally speaking, had a berth for life if they abstained from 
matrimony ; and who, if they went into orders, as they generally 
felt a call to do, had an insurance fund, in case they should choose 
to marry, in their prospective share of the £230,000 per annum 
represented by college livings. He did not deny that most of the 
fellowships were held by men who had taken high honours in the 
public examinations, and who were entitled to some reward ; and 
he held that a considerable portion of the revenues of the Uni- 
versities might with propriety be devoted to the stimulus of learn- 
ing by the bestowal of fellowships. But he entirely objected to the 
conditions under which they were, for the most part, held. The 
condition attached to many of them that the holder must take 
orders within a certain time ought to be put an end to as profoundly 
immoral. The Universities required, and would receive, a complete 
change in their clerical and aristocratic character. No scheme for 
Y 
