ASSYRIOLOGY AND THE ASSYRIAN MUSEUM TABLETS. 385 
town had been founded by Shalmanseer L, between 1300 and 
1270 b.c. ; but during the troubles which the Assyrian empire had 
since gone through, it was in the time of Assurnazirpal nothing 
but a heap of ruins. He resolved to rebuild the city ; and, helped 
by his captives, he built a city five miles in circumference. These 
captives became its inhabitants, and on the palace mound he built 
two temples and a palace, from which some of the best sculptures 
in the British Museum have been brought, drawings of which I am 
able to show you this evening. This is the Calah mentioned in 
Gen. x. 11, where we are told that Asshur built Nineveh, Rehoboth- 
Ir, and Calah. In regard to the land Nairi, we can only say that 
it formed an eastern boundary of the land of Assyria at an early 
period; for we read that Tiglathpileser I., who reigned from 1120 
to 1100 B.C., ruled over a region extending from the Great Sea of 
the West Land (i.e. the Mediterranean) as far as to the Sea of the 
land of Nairi. It certainly lay in the very north of Assyria, not 
far from the sources of the Tigris. An idea of the size of the land 
of Nairi can be got from the inscription of Tiglathpileser I., where 
I read, in column 4, lines 83, sqq., that twenty-three kings of the 
lands of Nairi, whose names are given in lines 71-82 inclusive, 
gathered together in the midst of their lands their waggons and 
troops, and marched forward to give fight. Twenty-three kings 
in this land gives an idea of its size. 
Kardunias, which means the garden of the god Dunias, is said 
by Delitzsch, an able German Assyriologist, to represent the posi- 
tion of Paradise ; but I do not myself think that he has proved 
this satisfactorily. It was Sir Henry Eawlinson, however, who 
first identified Eden with the region of Kardunias in Babylonia ; 
but we cannot say that the identification has been proved, although 
it has many probabilities in its favour. The region is watered by 
four rivers, just as the garden of Eden is said to be watered by the 
Euphrates, Tigris, Gihon, and Pishon. The names of the four 
rivers which water the district of Kardunias are mentioned in an 
inscription of Tiglathpileser II., and in place of the Gihon and 
Pishon we have the Surappi and the Ukni. This name Kardunias 
also occurs as Gan-dunias, which can be compared with the 
Hebrew Gan-Eden — garden of Eden, or Paradise. It is to be re- 
membered that Eden (fttf) means delight, loveliness ; so that Gan- 
Eden means the garden of Delight, which corresponds to our idea 
of Paradise. Paradise itself is a word from the Greek, and is 
