PLACE OF THE LOWER ANIMALS IN OUR REGARD. 391 
of the arbitrary mode in which advanced men now read the facts 
as to rudimentary structures or parts. 
He then applied the foregoing considerations to classification, 
pointing out the dominant characters as adopted by Cuvier and 
Owen, and what he considered the only true test of species, and 
the essential difference between variability and transmutation ; he 
then selected, as distinctive characters in man, his naked body, his 
erect posture, his dentition, his foot, and his brain, in order to 
decide if he might claim ordinal or only family distinction. 
Considerations, facts, and authorities, indicating the mental 
degradation of the quadrumana as compared with other animals, 
and with the unused mental power of the lowest human beings. 
The conspicuous and important distinction in man shown by the 
relative size of brain to body, and of cerebrum to cerebellum, as 
well as by his frontal development, which gives him reflective 
thought and rational language. On the hairy covering peculiar to 
warm-blooded mammals. Its function mainly to protect from 
rain, as shown by its disposal and the direction of its growth. 
This contrasted with its universal absence on the human back, 
although equally required by man. This absence attributed to 
correlation. Man the only animal which can clothe itself. 
On the erect posture. The function of the cerebellum described 
in connection with the muscles in maintenance of equilibrium, 
and the plain adaptation of the whole structure to an upright 
position, as shown by the foot, the joints at the ancle, knee, and 
hip ; the width of the pelvis ; the curves of the spine, and the 
way in which the head is poised on it. This contrasted with the 
higher centre of gravity ; the inverted sole and narrow foot which 
possesses the distinctive characters of a hand; the association of 
all four limbs in support, and locomotion, &c. &c. j and, finally, 
the fact that the head is rather hung than poised in the quadru- 
mana. After giving measurements of limbs, &c, the gorilla's 
ferocity was described, and appearance, and similar facts given regard- 
ing the orang, chimpanzee, and gibbon ; finally, attention drawn to 
the dentition of these animals as compared with that of man. 
Conclusion. Huxley's strong corroboration of the wide structural 
differences ; but pointing out his deductions, considered by lecturer 
to be erroneous, from brain weight, brain size really exhibiting the 
structural difference, brain weight the mental culture, which is im- 
possible without the brain size to admit of acquiring new ideas. 
