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JOURNAL OF THE PLYMOUTH INSTITUTION. 
leys, stocks, and worthies are of direct Saxon origin and date. 
Making the fullest allowance for the substitution of new names for 
old ones, this district, at the time of the Norman Conquest, must 
have been far more populous than in Keltic days. And a fact to 
be specially borne in mind is the great preponderance of names 
of a peaceful class — the simple enclosure of the " tun" largely 
predominates, and the more defensible " stocks " are both few and 
far between. It is probable indeed that the "stocks" represent 
the earlier settlements, when the need of defence was the greater, 
and thus afford some clue to the sites where the Saxon first planted 
himself. The distribution of the places so named somewhat 
favours this idea, and it may be that Plymstock is the Saxon 
continuant of the ancient and important pre-historic Keltic 
settlement on the eastern shores of the Sound, the choice of the 
site being dictated by its contiguity to the convenient little land- 
locked harbour of Hooe Lake. Ho or Hooe, meaning a "high 
place," cannot have been the original name of the parent village, 
but must have been transferred to it from the adjoining hill. 
I remarked in my last address — " There has not yet been found 
in Devon any certain trace of the Teutonic mark, which would 
have survived, if at all, only in modified form by the time the 
county was absorbed in Wessex." The "mark," you will remem- 
ber, was a distinguishing feature of the elder Teutonic civilization 
■ — the name given to the lands of a community, at first held in 
common, undivided, and used equally. In the later forms of the 
"mark" the meadow and arable land were divided into equal 
shares, with a shifting from year to year of the portion occupied 
by each member. In many parts of England lands are still held 
under this joint and shifting ownership ; but Devonshire, when I 
addressed you last year, had yielded no clear evidence. Singularly 
enough proof has since come to light of the existence of the "mark" 
not merely in Devon, but within the precincts of Plymouth itself. 
In looking through a large number of deeds relating to property 
within the borough, I found several references to the sale or lease of 
portions of land under the name of "landscore." The word at first 
attracted little attention, for it evidently meant a piece of land 
" scored " or divided off. 1 
1 Elsewhere it appears as " landshore," the root idea of the " shore " being 
the same as that of "shire." 
