120 JOURNAL OF THE PLYMOUTH INSTITUTION. 
instigated to warfare. At first they were prevailed upon to asso- 
ciate more together, and for this end were instructed in the art of 
building houses, temples, and places of resort. The sons of their 
chiefs were taught the liberal sciences; by degrees the customs, 
manners, and dress of their conquerors became familiar to them ; 
they acquired a taste for a life of inactivity and ease ; and at 
length were caught by the charms and incitements of luxury and 
vice. By such as judged of things from their external appearance 
only, all this was styled politeness and humanity, while in reality 
Agricola was effectually enslaving them, and imperceptibly riveting 
their chains." 
Among other forts built by Agricola were those extending along 
the upper isthmus of the island, from the Firth of Forth to the 
Firth of Clyde ; and so judiciously were these erected, that, as 
Tacitus tells us, "none of them were ever taken by force, 
abandoned through fear, or given up on terms of capitulation." 
After eight years of unchecked conquest, Agricola was recalled 
from Britain by the Emperor Domitian, probably from feelings of 
jealousy. 
Thirty-five years after the recall of Agricola, viz., a.d. 120, 
affairs had assumed such a character as to render the presence of 
the Emperor Hadrian necessary in the island. 
He did not attempt to regain the conquests Agricola had made 
in Scotland, but prudently contented himself by erecting a wall 
across the island, which he called the Barrier of the Lower Isthmus, 
The evidence of Spartianus is clear on this point. " Hadrian," 
he says, "visited Britain, where he corrected many things, and 
first drew a wall (Murus) 80' in length to divide the Barbarians 
from the Romans." Two coins were struck in honour of Hadrian's 
success. On the reverse of one is the legend " Adventus Augusti 
Britannise ; " on the other a female figure seated on a rock with a 
shield and spear, and the legend "Britannia." 
Twenty years after this Lollius Urbicus took the command. 
He was not content with the limits which Hadrian had fixed 
for Roman empire in Britain; but, forcing the natives back, he 
raised an earthen rampart across the isthmus between the Forth 
and the Clyde. This is now known in Scotland as Graham's Dyke 
(Celtic, grym, strong). 
The remaining history of the Romans on the northern frontier 
of England is fraught with disaster; the tide of war sometimes 
