On the Letter * k.' 
133 
The rest of the vocal organs are in precisely the same position in d as in 
I. Instances of this interchange have been found in reed, Germ. 
rolir ; goad and gore ; audio and auris ; adbiter as the original form 
of arbiter; &c. 
We pass on to the interchange of r with n, of which there are 
many instances. One worth noting is that of the name of the great 
king of Babylon, whom the Hebrews, as in their books of the Kings 
and Chronicles, commonly called Nebuchadnezzar, but the prophets 
Jeremiah and Ezekiel generally Nebuchadi'ezzar. The latter is said 
to be the Aramaic fonn, though this seems very doubtful, as in those 
parts of the book of Daniel which are written in Chaldee, Nebuchad- 
nezzar is alone used. The form with r is however proved to be the 
original by the recent discoveries in Babylon, where every brick of 
this king's palace bears a name read by Sir Henry Kawlinson as 
Nabu-kuduri-uzur. 
The change from r to n (or the contrary) is greater than from r to 
d in one respect, namely, in n the velum palati is lowered. But the 
lips are still open, the vocal chords vibrate, and the tongue remains 
still in precisely the same position in contact with the palate. Hence 
there is not only a ready substitution of r for n (or the contrary), 
but an equally ready transition fi'om the r to the n, so that occasion- 
ally words ending in r assume an 71. Examples of this accretion are 
the modem Greek cipvio, to beat, from the ancient ^^pw ; and the 0. 
English cittern or zithern, from Grk. d^apig, Lat. cithara, Span. 
citara and guitarra, Ital. citara and chitarra, &c. 
The next interchange to be noted is that of r and s, or z. And 
here I would note at the outset that in numerous instances, where an 
r has become s, or the contrary, the s has the sound oi z: it is the 
sonant, not the surd sibilant. So the r in broom, Dutch brem, is re- 
presented to the eye by an s in besom, but to the ear it is a z, and 
nearly so in the Geiman besen : in Dutch also there is the form bezem. 
The r in hare, Dan. hare, is a 2; in the Dutch compounds hazejagt, 
hare-hunting, and hazekop, head of a hare ; and such almost is the 
pronunciation of the Ger. hase. So it is z that is interchanged with 
r in teaze and teazle as compared with tear ; sneeze with sneer ; glaze 
with glare and glaire, Lat. clarus, Engl, clear ; blare with the Dutch 
blazen. Germ, blasen, and the Engl, blazon and blazonry ; /rare with 
frozen. Germ, gefroren ; and the Lat. ar-idus with the Greek a^-aXwQ 
(and a^-ri^T]Q ? )t- in which there is apparently the same root, though 
we need not suppose the ancient Greeks, like their modern descen- 
dants, to have pronounced their ^ exactly like our z. And again, it 
is the sound of z in nose which is represented by the r of the Lat. 
nares; in raise, of which rear is but another form, as araise of arear 
in early English ; in lose, of which verlieren is the German equivalent, 
* Compare II. 13. 409, with 17. 741. 
