THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 
189 
nervous processes, and shows the constitution of what has been 
called the "nervous arc," which leads to the conclusion that 
animal instincts may arise in two different ways, either from the 
performance of actions which were originally intelligent, but which 
by frequent repetition have become automatic, and, on the other 
hand, they may arise from survival of the fittest, preserving actions 
which, although never intelligent, yet happen to have been of 
benefit to the animals which first chanced to perform them. 
Psychologically there is a great difference between these, physio- 
logically there is no difference. 
Mr. Romanes then proceeds on to show that animals are able to 
form general conceptions or abstract ideas, and maintains that the 
intellectual operations of animals are indistinguishable from those 
of ourselves, and that having the faculty of abstraction they 
possess the faculties both of judgment and of reason ; and he 
illustrates the latter by Dr. Eae's wonderful story of the Arctic 
foxes. In the emotions he shows that while they are slightly, if 
at all, developed in the lower orders, they are remarkably well 
developed in the higher, and asserts that the following give un- 
mistakeable tokens of their presence : Fear, affection, passionateness, 
pugnacity, jealousy, sympathy, pride, reverence, emulation, shame, 
hate, curiosity, revenge, cruelty, emotion of the ludicrous, and 
emotion of the beautiful. 
Now there is a book, published some little time since by the 
Rev. J. G. Wood, a very voluminous writer, who has not perhaps 
done any work which would be considered of real scientific value, 
but who has done more than any one else, excepting Gilbert White, 
to make Natural History popular, entitled Man and Beast ; and 
in it, supported by numerous anecdotes, every one of which the author 
states is authentic, the emotions of animals are illustrated, whole 
chapters being devoted to memory, generosity, cheatery, humour, 
pride, jealousy, anger, revenge, tyranny, sympathy, friendship, and 
love. He also adduces illustrations of conscience in animals, which 
Mr. Eomanes likewise dwells upon, by many remarkable anecdotes. 
The correspondence in Nature, to which I have before referred, 
soon began, commencing with an anecdote of a water-rat climbing 
up a wall, by help of a shrub trained against it, thirteen feet high 
to a window sill, in order to partake of the bread which had been 
placed there for the birds ; and this was followed by the now 
well-known story of the rats gnawing holes in leaden water-pipes 
