THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 
191 
throughout the work for the heading Anthropology. The eighth 
edition was completed in 1860, and since that time Anthropology 
has risen to the dignity of a science, and has been deemed worthy 
of an article of thirty-one columns in the Encyclopaedia, written 
by the president for this year of the Anthropological Section of 
the British Association, Mr. E. B. Tylor; and in addition a very 
valuable article, by Elie Eeclus, on Ethnography and Ethnology. 
Except this article of Mr.Tylor's, and the Transactions, Proceedings, 
and other publications of the Anthropological Society and Institute, 
which were not very accessible, there was until very recently no 
treatise upon the general subject by any English writer ; and it is 
only within the past few months that any work suitable for 
ordinary use was attainable in this country by those who were 
acquainted only with their own language. 
Without assigning to the science such a remote date as some 
enthusiasts are disposed to give to it, the study of man as to his 
origin and in his physical and moral relations occupied the atten- 
tion of philosophers at an early period, and the Pagan Censorinus 
in the third century, and the Christian Nemesius in the fourth, 
dealt with these subjects in two works, both of which were thought 
worthy of reproduction in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 
Speculations of the wildest kind were promulgated, and the at- 
tempts to classify the principal races of mankind were weak and 
of course unsatisfactory ; but still there was progress. Earnest 
thinkers were not satisfied with the theories which they were called 
upon to accept, and from time to time opinions were advanced 
which were anything but acceptable to the powers that were. 
Hear what Pope Zachary said, speaking of Virgilius, who evidently 
had been born a few Centuries too early : " As to his perverse and 
wicked doctrine, which he utters against God and his soul, if it 
shall be proved that he assert there is another world, and other men 
beneath the earth, let a council be called by the Church, and let 
him be deprived of the sacerdotal garment." 
In 1110 William cle Conches, who, among other startling things, 
hazarded the suggestion, that as we inhabited the upper part of 
the earth, the lower part might be inhabited by other human 
beings, was put under the censure of the Church, and in conse- 
quence promptly disowned his opinions, which he had good 
reasons for supposing to be facts. In 1450 the antiquity of 
man was urged with much force by Samuel Sarsa, a Jew, 
