PRUSSIA. 
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armament inrluded the enrolment of almost every man in the 
country from 20 to 50 years of age. They were distributed in 
the standing army — Landwehr of the first call, Landwelir of the 
second call, or the Landsturm. 
The original plan was somewhat modified in subsequent years. 
The Landwehr was reduced to act as reserves and garrison forces 
alone, and the standing army increased. This change met with 
violent opposition in the Chamber of Deputies, and the contest 
continued until the war with Denmark in 1863. This, followed 
by the defeat of Austria in 1866, seems to have reconciled all 
parties to the change, which is now carried out in all its details 
without opposition. 
The ''Danish difficulty," as the occasion for the war between 
Austria and Prussia, cannot be passed by. 
Denmark joined the Germanic Confederation in 1815, in right 
of Holstein and Lauenburg, and to this must be traced the dispute 
with Germany about the Elbe Duchies. 
The want of a naval force, long desired by the Germans, led 
them to watch jealously any attempt to unite Holstein more closely 
to Denmark. The revolution in 1848 gave an opportunity for the 
''national party" to interfere. Prussian troops occupied the 
Duchies, and peace was restored only on condition that Denmark 
should invoke the German Diet for the pacification of Holstein. 
This gave the German party a hold which they never relinquished. 
At length the Treaty of London settled the Danish succession, 
and Austria and Prussia assented to this treaty with the under- 
standing that Slesvig was not to be incorporated with Denmark in 
the government of the country. This condition led to difficulty in 
determining the government of the Duchies. Every proposal of 
the King was objected to until in 1863 he issued a proclamation 
separating Holstein and Slesvig. This aroused a strong feeling in 
Germany as leading to a breach of the condition agreed to. The 
Diet threatened Federal execution, and at this juncture the king 
died. This led to further complications. The Federal execution 
took place, war broke out, and Denmark was overpowered. Ey 
the Treaty of Vienna (October 30th, 1864) the Danish king gave 
up all rights in the three Duchies of Slesvig, Holstein, and Lauen- 
burg. Austria and Prussia intrigued, and succeeded in getting the 
entire administration of the ceded territory in their hands. They 
soon quarrelled. The first point of difference was on the succession 
