146 
JOURNAL OF THE PLYMOUTH INSTITUTION. 
HUMAN AND BEUTE INTELLIGENCE. 
AN INQUIRY INTO THE CONDITIONS WHICH DETERMINE THEIR DIFFERENCE. 
ABSTRACT OF MR. F. H. BALKWILL's PAPER. 
(Read March 16th, 1871.) 
Introduction. Instinct and reason now both allowed to be common 
to man with the lower animals. Instinct only a name of convenience. 
Definition of intelligence. Practically the power to see the relation 
of external things to the purposes of the being possessed of it, and 
in extension to see the relation of the being's own purposes to ex- 
ternal things. The object of the lecture to shew that the first 
initial power is equally possessed by man and the brutes, whilst 
the intelligence of man alone is placed under conditions favourable 
to its extension. 
Intelligence the attribute of a substance, and not a substance 
itself, proved by our consciousness of several states, such as feeling, 
willing, &c., which yet all belong to one individual. This sub- 
stance spoken of as the mind," Difference between the mind and 
the body proved, because one is always the same and indivisible, 
whilst the other is always being changed in substance and is 
capable of being divided. Intelligence can only grow by the efforts 
and experience of the mind that owns it, which, being indivisible, 
cannot transmit any to its offspring ; therefore we must look for an 
explanation of the wonders of instinct to the organization of the 
body. 
No innate difference in intelligence between man and the lower 
animals. The Tallegalla, a bird of Australia, makes use of artificial 
heat to hatch its eggs. Birds possess the sense of music and beauty, 
as evidenced by our song birds, Eirds of Paradise, and the Bower 
bird. Animals abstract. 
Instinct in error; instance given. 
The conditions under which the intelligence is called to act 
divided into two heads — the organization of the body, and the sur- 
