12 
North Carolina Experiment Station 
subcutaneous and intramuscular injection of the culture. Pigeons succumbed 
to infection by all of these methods. Subcutaneous inoculation of rabbits 
resulted in abscess formation only, but intrapleural and intraperitoneal inoc¬ 
ulations were fatal in 24 hours. The same was true for guinea pigs. 
Leclainche, in 1894, reported on a disease of ring doves observed in the 
autumn of 1893. The clinical symptoms involved somnolence, weakness, diar¬ 
rhea, and the turning of the head and neck to one side. The clinical pic¬ 
ture showed a congested intestinal mucosa with injection of the intestinal 
vessels. There were also signs of general septicaemia. The liver was usu¬ 
ally greatly enlarged, the spleen friable, but the lungs normal. From the 
tissues of the birds dying of the disease the author was able to isolate small 
ovoid, non-motile, non-liquefying, gram-negative rods, showing upon staining 
a clear space in the center. In the blood the rods appeared much shorter, 
and in cultures they frequently had the aspect of diplococci. 
Moore (23), in 1895, in a comprehensive study of “infectious leukemia” of 
fowls, brought out the fact that avian typhoid was present in the domesti¬ 
cated birds of America. These studies included the morbid anatomy, clinical 
studies of the disease, and especially emphasized the changes in composition 
of the blood. Moore isolated the Bacterium sanguinarium in outbreaks investi¬ 
gated, and designated it as the causative agent in fowl typhoid. 
In 1895 Kern studied what he regarded as a new infectious malady of 
canaries in Budapest. The epidemic had its inception in the introduction of 
two new male birds. During the outbreak, 25 to 28 females died, followed by 
the two males. Kern does not describe the organism isolated by him with 
sufficient detail to make its nature clear. He regarded it as the agent of 
hemorrhagic septicaemia, but his photographs of the bacillus suggest B. galli- 
narum, the causative agent of fowl typhoid. The bacillus was not pathogenic 
for fowls, and few were found in the blood, but many in the tissue cells. 
Dawson, in 1898, reported an epidemic which caused serious losses among 
poultry in Maryland, and which was assumed to be fowl cholera. His de¬ 
scriptions of the disease agrees in essential features with those given by 
Moore for infectious leukemia. The organism which he described is similar 
to the bacillus of Klein and the bacillus of Moore. 
In 1900 Pagliani, in the name of Dr. Mazza, reported in the Academy of 
Medicine at Turin the results of a study of twenty-seven cases of fowl typhoid¬ 
like diseases in poultry. Among these he reported the isolation of the “ty¬ 
phoid bacillus” twenty-two times, and the bacillus of fowl cholera five times. 
This appeared to be the ratio of these disease types in the Italian provinces 
at that time. It now seems clear, however, that more than one bacterial 
form may have been included in Pagliani’s twenty-two fowl typhoid cases. 
During the years 1900 and 1901 Centani and Savonizzi, Lode and Gruber 
and Krauss, did considerable work of the disease designated as “exudative 
typhus,” probably due to a filterable virus. This was followed by the illumi¬ 
nating studies by Maggiora and Valenti on the same subject. 
Curtis (3), in 1901, reported an extensive outbreak of contagious disease in 
poultry, from which Smith isolated the Bacterium sanguinarium. 
Riemer, in 1904, reported on an epidemic among geese in the vicinity of 
Mecklenburg, from which he isolated a non-motile, gramnegative rod occurring 
predominately in pairs, but sometimes in filaments. Riemer’s description of 
the pathological changes, as well as the causative agent, leaves little doubt 
that his case involved an infection with an organism of the fowl typhoid type. 
Lignieres and Zabula in 1905 described epidemics among poultry in Buenos 
Ayres, which they referred to as “Salmonellosis.” Guinea hens, ducks, and 
pigeons were not affected. The usual fowl typhoid symptoms appeared, ac¬ 
companied by a temperature of 42 to 43 degrees C. 
