Fowl Typhoid and Fowl Cholera 
13 
Smith and Ten Broeck (27), in 1915, studied the agglutinative affinities of 
Bacterium sanguinarium with B. typhosus, together with its toxin producing 
properties, and its relation to B. pullorum. These investigators prefer to 
regard Pullorum and Sanguinarium as separate types. 
Rettger and Koser (26), in 1917, made a comprehensive comparative study 
of B. pullorum and B. sanguinarium, bringing out the following facts: (1) 
Bacterium pullorum and Bacterium sanguinarium constitute two separate 
types bearing a specific relationship to the disease which it had been associ¬ 
ated with in the past; (2) There is a differentiation in carbohydrate reaction; 
(3) Differentiation is possible by the methyl red test, sanguinarium being 
methyl red positive in 1 per cent maltose bouillon, while pullorum is nega¬ 
tive; (4) The disease attacks fowls of all ages in experimental inoculation, 
and while pullorum infection is natural with chicks in the field, sanguinarium 
is of little importance as a cause of chick loss under natural conditions. 
Taylor (30), in 1916, reports an outbreak of avian typhoid in California, 
and makes a study on morbid anatomy, blood changes, susceptibility, and 
modes of infection. In accordance with Rettger and Koser, Taylor concludes 
that fowl typhoid is a specific disease caused by the Bacterium sanguinarium, 
and that though resembling Bacterium pullorum biologically, they are distinct 
diseases. 
In 1917 Goldberg (8) made a detailed study of the fermenting properties of 
pullorum and sanguinarium, and arrived at a means of differentiation through 
gas production and other biological activities. 
Hadley (10), in 1919, presented an article on the differentiation between 
fowl typhoid and fowl cholera, in which he brought out differences from the 
following standpoints: (1) Nature of the disease and pathological alterations 
in the organs and tissues; (2) The bio-chemical features of the causative 
agents; (3) Their toxicity or virulence; (4) Their sereological reactions; 
(5) Their immunological reactions. 
Hadley, in 1919, goes into the colon typhoid intermediates as the causes of 
diseases in birds, assigning the causative organism of avian typhoid its place 
in this group of organisms, and entering into a detail description of the 
methods of differentiating members of the group. 
In 1919 Muslow (24) presented a very complete study on avian paratyphoid 
bacilli, going into the biological activities of B. avisepticus, B. sanguinarium, 
and B. pullorum. Muslow also presents agglutination studies and experi¬ 
mental inoculation data, together with differentiation information between 
B. typhosus and the three organisms mentioned above. 
teHennepe and Van Straaten (33) at the World’s Poultry Congress at The 
Hague in 1921 presented a paper on Fowl Septicaemia, in which Klein’s dis¬ 
ease (avian typhoid) occupied a prominent part. These investigators dwelled 
on the prevalence of the disease in The Netherlands, the serology and morbid 
anatomy, and maintain that the disease can be combatted successfully by 
means of “hygenic measures, vaccination, and serum therapy.” 
d’Herelle (4), referring in The Bacteriophage on the relation of this phe¬ 
nomena to avian typhoid, goes into this disease as to its prevalence in 
France; its close relationship to other organisms of the colon-typhoid group, 
and dwells at considerable length on the role of the bacteriophage in the 
natural immunity shown by some birds in outbreaks of this disease. 
Truche (31) in 1923 studied avian typhoid in France, stressing the causa¬ 
tive oraganism, morbid anatomy, susceptibility of laboratory animals, and the 
differential diagnosis between avian typhoid and fowl cholera. Truche also 
touches somewhat on the differentiation between pullorum and sanguinarium. 
