Fowl Typhoid and Fowl Cholera 
23 
stages of avian typhoid. These wild birds feed on the infected ground as 
well as utilize the poultry food. The migration of these birds from farm 
to farm points toward the probability of their being a potent disseminator 
of this disease. Available literature does not record scientific data as to an 
outbreak of avian typhoid in the English sparrow, though the disease called 
canary typhoid, due to B. paratyphosus B. is recorded (12). 
In order to obtain information as to the potential possibilities of the spar¬ 
row as conveyor of avian typhoid, a series of these birds were tested as to 
their susceptibility to this disease with the following results: 
It was possible to infect and kill the English sparrow through subcutaneous 
inoculation and recover the organism from the liver and kidneys. 
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FIG. 9.—FIELD STUDY OF FOWL TYPHOID 
No take could be secured through feeding the germ to these birds in the 
drinking water. 
By sterilizing the feet of a sparrow with alcohol, and subsequently im¬ 
mersing the feet in bouillon cultures of avian typhoid, it was possible in two 
instances to recover E. sanguinaria 24 hours after. 
Such evidence points toward the fact that the English sparrow is a pos¬ 
sible conveyor of avian typhoid. 
In two outbreaks investigated during the course of these studies the evi¬ 
dence pointed toward pigeons as the conveying agent. These outbreaks are 
graphically presented with explanatory data. Figures 8 and 9. The data as 
noted does not eliminate the sparrow or other mechanical agents of convey- 
