Fowl Typhoid and Fowl Cholera 
27 
Sick birds were identified by temperatures, the condition of the droppings, 
and the general behavior. The sick birds showed salivation, great prostra¬ 
tion, difficulty and in some cases inability to walk, or if walking the gait 
was staggery; some of the birds were sitting with the ends of the beaks 
resting on the ground, and still others with the head and neck curved down¬ 
ward under the breast, which under ordinary conditions might have indicated 
limberneck. Post-mortem examination was made of the dead birds, the gross 
anatomical appearance being typical of avian typhoid, which indication was 
confirmed by laboratory cultures the next day. 
On July 4th, 1 cc. of stock vaccine for avian typhoid was administered to 
all sick birds to observe the reaction. On July 5th an autogenous vaccine 
made from the organism isolated from the first dead birds was used, all 
birds on the farm being vaccinated. These included, in addition to the 900 
chickens, 1 turkey, 11 waterfowls, and 12 pigeons. Young birds, including 
chicks in brooding, were vaccinated twice, the chicks receiving one-half dose. 
It required three days from the initial onset for the disease to appear in 
an adjacent pen, and six days for it to appear in the second pen from the 
above, where it stopped, probably being checked by the vaccine. Thus it 
would appear that four days are required to produce immunity in the field 
against the disease. In other outbreaks, the disease appears to attack adult 
birds only, the disease being stopped at once, the vaccine also exerting a 
decided curative action on sick birds. In this outbreak only a few of the 
sick birds recovered as a result of the vaccine. In all, forty birds died. 
Case Reports 
Case 1. July 4, 1922. A Buff Orpington Cockerel, 5 Months Old 
Clinical Study. —The bird was taken from the flock with a temperature 
of 112.5° F. Was thin in flesh. The respiration at 11 a. m. was 34, and at 
4 p. m. 22. The bird stood with eyes closed, labored breathing, and gasping 
for air. Would not eat or drink. The droppings were of a sulphur color. 
July 5, the temperature fell to 107.3°F. Condition much improved. Respi¬ 
ration 11 a. m. 34, 4 p. m. 26. Bird was able to walk and showed good 
appetite. 
July 6, temperature 107.5° F.; respiration normal, appetite good. 
July 7, temperature, respiration, and appetite normal. The bird was con¬ 
sidered as recovered on the 8th, conditions being normal. 
Case 2. July 4, 1922. A Buff Orpington Pullet, 4 Months Old 
Clinical Study. —The bird was taken from the flock at 11 a.m. with a 
temperature of 111° F.; respiration 36. The body of the bird was hot to the 
touch; droppings of a sulphur color; and poor in flesh. The face was pale or 
anemic. The bird did not eat or drink, and died at 4 p. m. 
Gross Anatomy. —Rigor mortis has set in, though the bird has been 
dead only an hour; the liver and spleen are enlarged; heart congested and 
of a parboiled appearance. There is a small amount of edema in the region 
of the heart and liver. The kidneys are congested and in a state of cloudy 
swelling. The spleen is normal in size. 
Cultures taken from the heart blood and from the liver show a luxuriant 
growth in 24 hours, the growth being identified as E. sanguinaria. 
Microscopic Anatomy. —Specimens of the liver, heart, and kidneys 
were hardened in formalin, sectioned and stained in hematoxylin and eosin 
and clarified in beechwood creosote for study. 
