40 
North Carolina Experiment Station 
The liver is usually enlarged (Figure 17), friable, sometimes streaked, and 
blood drips from the sectioned surface; the spleen is usually enlarged; the 
kidneys are congested and in a condition of cloudy swelling. The heart is 
usually congested. The lungs are usually normal, though in acute cases may 
be in a serous condition. 
FIG. 17.—GROSS APPEARANCE OF LIVER IN RELATION TO ABDOMINAL 
CAVITY IN FOWL TYPHOID 
MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY 
Upon preparation of tissues, from various organs of the body, and a study 
under the microscope, profound changes are observed, especially in the paren¬ 
chymatous organs. 
The Kidneys.—The Eberthella sanguinaria lives and multiplies in the 
blood where it gives off a toxin. The toxin is probably first liberated through 
the arterioles; as a result active congestion, most marked in the cortical 
portions, is usually present in the kidneys. A weak heart and a damming 
back of the blood accounts for passive congestion which may be present, 
especially well marked in the veins of the medullary portion of the kidney. 
A closer examination under a higher magnification shows the greater injury 
to the cortical portions of the kidney, and especially to the cells of the con¬ 
voluted tubules. This can be accounted for by the fact that these cells are 
the ones that eliminate the toxins, consequently getting more poison. In 
some areas the cells are in a state of cloudy swelling caused by the toxins 
from the E. sanguinaria, and are swollen because they have absorbed fluid. 
The absorption of water causes a precipitation of the proteids with a result 
that the cells become cloudy, hence cloudy swelling, or albuminoid degenera¬ 
tion. The nuclei and cell cytoplasm of the cells of some areas are under¬ 
going advanced digestion, the nuclei disappearing, the cells leaving their 
base, pushing in, partially or completely obliterating the lumen, finally dis¬ 
integrating, indicating a center of focal necrosis. Areas are invaded by 
