Fowl Typhoid and Fowl Cholera 
45 
f the farm placed no birds on this farm for a year’s time, but bought a flock 
om a farm in which the disease had never occurred, and placed them on 
the ground which had been used for range ground in the past. Avian typhoid 
^hivTu f n - thl * S fl ° Ck WUhin a f6W Weeks ’ This farm afterwards was prob- 
° C1 ° f an f ^ lz ?°tic, WhlCh was even tually checked by vaccination, 
e soil undoubtedly has exceptional advantages for harboring the germ 
especia y under barns and houses, where there is no possibility of the 
gernncKlal action of the sun’s rays, and which places are favored by the 
buds tor dust baths and for lying around. 
Thiough the Egg. The transmission of the disease through the egg to 
ThJte^se r, mS „ a P0SSiWlity ’ though not a potent source of danger, 
s tact seems to be the opinion of the European school. 
teHennepe (33) in a report on diseases at the World’s Poultry Congress in 
Spain, dwells on infection through the egg as follows: 
“Many chick diseases are spread by infected eggs. We often found Klein’* 
disease m young chicks which were artificially hatched. This proves that 
the eggs were infected in the ovary of the mother hen.” 
Tht t MnL Sam wr f f! nCe ’ Leynen (20) in a report from th e laboratory of 
e Mnister of the Interior and Hygiene, Brussels, reports infection of eggs 
m an outbreak of paratyphoid in ducks and chicks, and asserts that the germ 
is Present m the egg produced by adult carriers. Leynan further carried 
out examination of 200 new-laid eggs from fowls and ducks which had previ- 
seqienUv die'd off fT WW ?> * nd dUCklings itched out and sub- 
different le! n f Z paratyphoid B - Th ese eggs had reached 
paratf Ltd B nf y0 f 1 ,n deYelopment ’ but was unable to isolate 
at fun term. eggS ° r embryOS ’ even when tlle latter arrived 
B is a scientifically established fact that the germ of bacillary white diar- 
fn theLrHfifL! f r™ the adult bird to the y ™ n S through the embryo, 
n the aitificial infection work carried out by this department, it was pos- 
sible to secure six eggs from birds artificially infected, and in the early 
stages of the disease. No organism which could be identified as E san 
gumaria was isolated from these eggs. Typhoid was later definitely con- 
rmed m the birds laying these eggs. The possibility of the germ being 
transmuted t° the young from the adult seems to be borne out by the fact 
LI d e 2 C o U L U smvo ° f 3 L egg y ° lks ° r ° varies ° f bens dying from the disease 
showed 20 positive for E. sanguinaria; the testicles of 8 male birds cultured 
showed 5 positive. The chances of birds suffering from infection with avian 
y p oid delivering a large number of eggs seems remote, for the toxemia is 
so acute that body metabolism is upset, and the bird goes off lay soon after 
contracting the disease. As previously mentioned, the disease was not found 
prevalent among chicks in the field where infection was present in adults 
Drinking Water. The drinking water is a common source of the spread 
ot avian typhoid in an infected flock. The infection of the water is generally 
accomplished by the depositing of infected fecal material in the drinking 
water In artificial infection work the disease was readily produced by 
epositmg such iecal material in the drinking water of well birds. 
Nasa! Secretions—The extent that nasal secretions or excretions convey 
this disease to the drinking water is unknown, but it is probable that such 
method of transmission is remote, as it is hardly possible that the upper air 
passages are seats of infection. Attempts in the laboratory to produce the 
disease by allowing well birds to drink the water used by typhoid cases 
