PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY 
The anatomy of birds dying from avian typhoid suffers considerable 
pathological alteration. 
Moore (23) in his original work on this disease states that the only con¬ 
stant lesions in fowls which contracted the disease naturally, as well as those 
ted upon its virus, were in the liver and blood. He makes note of the fact 
la in his investigations the affections of the intestinal tract were rare; the 
vidneys pale but streaked with reddish lines, due to injection of blood ves¬ 
sels; spleen rarely discolored or engorged with blood; lungs pale but normal- 
heart pate with grayish points; lymphatic glands not appreciably enlarged’, 
but there were alterations in the blood composition which were constant and 
typical of the disease. 
Taylor (30) reports the specific morbid conditions as consisting of an en¬ 
larged liver containing necratic areas, an enlarged spleen, and a general 
anemic condition of the serous and mucus membranes, together with a 
marked increase in leucocytes and a corresponding relative decrease in red 
lo, 
Hadley (10) designated the pathological changes as highly variable; exuda¬ 
tive or hemorrhagic symptoms or both are common; pericardial exudate com¬ 
mon, leukemic condition often present; degeneration of the liver capsule 
common, with the liver enlarged, and the skin of the breast reddened along 
the keel. 
The data on pathological anatomy incorporated in this article was secured 
rom birds dying in the field where the disease was contracted under natural 
conditions, and from the poultry hospital where birds were artificially in¬ 
fected. The pathological anatomy is divided into gross anatomy and micro¬ 
scopic anatomy. 
GROSS ANATOMY 
le face, comb, and wattles of birds dying of avian typhoid is usually pale, 
due to a weak circulation and the leukemic conditions of the blood. No 
other external sign is noted except the possible soiling of the vent fluff with 
a sulphur colored fecal discharge. 
Heart. The blood vessels of the heart are engorged with blood; hydro- 
pencardium is frequently present, this being noted in 11 out of 129 birds 
posted or in 8 per cent. This condition is probably caused by an injury to 
t e endothelial cells, due to acute toxemia produced by the disease. Relative 
weights of the heart to the body weight is shown in table and compared to 
the normal as established by Latimer (21) in Figure 21. The number of 
instances in which sanguinaria was recovered from the heart blood is shown 
in Ttable VI. 
Table VI 
Recovery of E. Sanguinaria From Birds Dying From Fowl Typhoid 
Number of 
Source of Birds 
Culture Cultured 
Heart . 129 
Liver . 129 
Spleen . 110 
Kidneys . 84 
Lungs . 52 
Bile . 12 
Tissue. 19 
Brain . 24 
Bone marrow . 57 
Reproductive organs, 
ovaries and egg yolks 32 
Tests. 8 
Number of 
Number of 
Percent of 
Cultures 
Cultures 
Cultures 
Positive 
Negative 
Positive 
112 
17 
87 
125 
4 
97 
102 
8 
93 
72 
12 
86 
42 
10 
81 
3 
9 
25 
2 
17 
11 
10 
14 
42 
53 
4 
93 
20 
12 
63 
5 
3 
63 
