FERMENTATION STUDIES 
Table X 
Reactions Produced by P. Avicida in Carbohydrates and Higher Alcohols 
pH after 
Carbohydrate or 
Higher Alcohol 
Number of Gas 
Sti'ains Production 
Orig. 
pH. 
5 days 
( Average) 
Reaction 
Arabinose . 
. 10 
0 
7.0 
7.0 
Neutral 
Dextrin . 
. 11 
0 
7.0 
7.0 
Neutral 
Dextrose .. 
19 
0 
7.0 
6.0 
Acid 
Dulcite . 
. 11 
0 
7.0 
7.0 
Neutral 
Galactose . 
_ 11 
0 
7.0 
7.0 
Neutral 
Inulin ... 
. 11 
0 
7.0 
7.0 
Neutral 
Lactose . 
14 
0 
7.0 
7.0 
Neutral 
Levulose ... 
. 11 
0 
7.0 
7.0 
Neutral 
Mannose .... 
11 
0 
7.0 
7.0 
Neutral 
Maltose . 
. 12 
0 
7.0 
7.0 
Neutral 
Saccharose . 
. 14 
0 
7.0 
7.0 
Neutral 
Xylose . 
11 
0 
7.0 
7.0 
Neutral 
Pathogenicity 
Non-pathogenic to man. Virulent strains of P. avicida will produce death 
in 12 to 18 hours in mice, and the same with rabbits. 
Symptoms of the Disease 
The study of avian cholera was made under artificial infection conditions. 
Thirty-five artificial infections were made with cultures from American and 
from European sources. Ten fatalities were obtained, seven showed well- 
defined symptoms of the disease, and eighteen birds failed to react to artifi¬ 
cial infection. The rapid attenuation of the cholera cultures on artificial 
media was undoubtedly responsible for a lack of virulence in some of these 
instances. The incubation period was from one to three days, one bird 
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FIG. 32.—A COMPOSITE TEMPERATURE CHART OF FOWL TYPHOID AND 
FOWL CHOLERA 
dying overnight with the disease. The acute type of fowl cholera is very 
rapid, the duration in fatal cases averaging less than five days. One bird 
resisted the disease for fourteen days before succumbing. Depression is 
usually the first symptom; the discharge is profuse, being flaked with red 
particles in the early stages. Later, the discharge becomes reddish green, 
and very watery. The face, comb, and wattles usually become darkened and 
discolored. An exceptional thirst is very characteristic of the disease. Res¬ 
piration is increased, and later becomes labored; there is an elevation in 
temperature; complete prostration sets in preceding death. 
Figure 32 shows a composite temperature chart of the diseases of fowl 
typhoid and fowl cholera. 
