10 
K C. Agricultural Experiment Station 
and of other generally self-sterile varieties must still be accounted for. 
These imperfect fruits are not the result of errors in bagging, nor are 
they the result of defective bags, for examination disclosed no perfora¬ 
tions through which insects might have gained access to the flowers 
within. 
These fruits, then, are the result either of self-fertilization, partheno¬ 
genesis, or of parthenocarpy. 
In order to determine the real cause of the development of the im¬ 
perfect fruits, three varieties, which in the self-sterility test showed the 
greatest development of fruits, were selected in the spring of 1915. Of 
the variety Manatee, thirty-four flower buds were carefully emasculated, 
and immediately covered with a bag so as to prevent the access of any 
foreign pollen. Of Rogers and Grandee, thirty buds each were selected, 
emasculated and carefully covered. 
The prevention of self-pollination of flowers determines whether fruit 
production is the result of a sexual union or whether it is the result of 
parthenogenesis or of parthenocarpy. As a check on this work, fourteen 
flower buds of White and ten each of Rogers and Munroe were covered 
when the buds showed their pink unexpanded petals. These buds not 
only were not emasculated, hut also when the flowers opened were care¬ 
fully hand pollinated with pollen of the same variety. To offset any 
injury that might result from the process of emasculation, five buds of 
these same varieties, White, Rogers, and Munroe, were carefully emascu¬ 
lated and later cross-pollinated with the following varieties: White with 
Rogers, Rogers with White, and Munroe with Chestnut. 
The results of the experiment were as follows : 
Table No. 2 
Manatee 
Rogers.. 
Grandee. 
White_ 
Rogers.. 
Munroe. 
White_ 
Rogers.. 
Munroe. 
34 buds, emasculated and bagged_ 
30 buds, emasculated and bagged_ 
30 buds, emasculated and bagged_ 
14 buds, not emasculated and pollinated 
10 buds, not emasculated and pollinated 
10 buds, not emasculated and pollinated 
4 buds, emasculated and crossed_ 
3 buds, emasculated and crossed_ 
3 buds, emasculated and crossed_ 
No fruits set. 
No fruits set. 
No fruits set. 
6 nubbins, 8 no fruits 
6 nubbins, 4 no fruits 
1 nubbin, 9 no fruits. 
4 good fruits. 
No fruits. 
3 good fruits. 
From the above table we note that not one of the flower buds that 
were emasculated and not pollinated showed any evidence of fruit forma¬ 
tion. This fact becomes interesting in that it at once eliminates the 
two points under consideration, viz., parthenogenesis and parthenocarpy. 
Hence we are led to believe that the small nubbins of berries that we 
found in the hags to which no foreign pollen has been admitted are the 
result of a sexual union of elements from the same flower. In short, 
some few ovules in these otherwise self-sterile varieties of dewberries will 
