The Bulletin 
13 
Figure 5 shows a photomicrograph of a section of the fractured por¬ 
tion of the bone shown in Figure 2, letter C. Figure 5 at 2 shows 
the periosteal or ensheathing callus, at 3 the internal or endosteal callus, 
and 4 the intermediate or definitive callus. A comparison of the calluses 
in Figures 4 and 5 show at a glance that the formation of bone in Figure 
4 is just commencing to near completion in some of the trabeculae, while 
in Figure 5 the process is nearly completed. Newly formed bone cells 
are plainly visible in the photomicrograph. 
Figure 3 shows a series of studies at different ages. No. 1 shows the 
ulna of a Single-Comb Rhode Island Bed cockerel nine months old. 
This fracture was of eight days standing. The left-hand view shows 
the provisional callus which appeared irregular in outline but smooth 
surface and whitish and pink mottled, indicative of a normal reparative 
process. The right-hand view shows the same in inner section. The 
process showed in the eight-day specimen marked advancement of com¬ 
plete normal bone tissue over the five-day specimen, but the firmness 
of the fractured end was not such that the bandage could have been 
removed safely. ISTumber 2, in the same one-year-old Single-Comb 
White Leghorn hen, shows the process at the eighth day in a similar 
stage to the previous case. No. 3 of the same cut shows a case at fifteen 
days standing. 
Numbers 4 and 5 show two cases of the tibia of a Buff Plymouth 
Bock hen in which the muscles of the tibial region had pulled the frac¬ 
tured ends past each other; thus a vicious repair was the result. It will 
be noted that the ensheathing callus has filled in the angles so that the 
fractured portion presents an irregular roundish appearance. 
The ninth and tenth cases were Buff Orpington and Single-Comb 
White Leghorn respectively. The ulna was fractured and allowed to 
proceed ten days in its reparative process. 
III. The Treatment of Fractures and Care of the Bird 
Following the definite diagnosis of fracture of a bone in the fowl, 
the next step is to detremine if any wound has been made which extends 
through the flesh and skin. 
In simple or so-called subcutaneous fracture the fragments of bone 
should be placed in perfect apposition and the normal shape of the 
bone restored. The loose arrangement of the muscles makes this an 
easy task. 
The next step is to apply apparatus holding the parts firmly in place 
until firm union has taken place. Spasmodic contraction of muscles 
is not likely to be encountered except in the thigh, arm, or breast mus¬ 
cles. In applying the apparatus, normal functions, as circulation and 
nerves, must be safeguarded. After the setting is complete, the bNd 
must be provided with a clean coop and grassy run where other birds 
