204 
series where foliaceous spicules are the only forms that show on the surface, and where the 
verrucae are low and rounded. The foliaceous expansions show marginal incisions. 
An interesting developmental series can be clearly seen (see figures), (i) Apart from 
simple rough spindles, a common type ■— the Echinogorgia type — shows a rough divaricate 
base and a slightly foliaceous spine. (2) The foliaceous portion may become compound and keeled. 
(3) Many have an almost equal development of foliaceous portion and rough divaricate portion. 
(4) Then there is what may be called a dichotomy in development, for in some the tuberculate 
divaricate portion dwindles away, leaving a coarsely keeled thick plate. (5) But in others the 
foliaceous part dwindles away, leaving a flat tuberculate multiradiate, somewhat stellate disc. 
Previously recorded by Verrill from Callao, Peru 5 and by Nutting from Siboga 
Stations 60, 164, 204. 
2. Echinogorgia complexa Nutting. (Plate XXIV, Fig. 1). 
For description see: NUTTING, Gorgonacea of the Siboga Exp. XIII b, part III, 1910, p. 67, 2 figs. 
Stat. 310. 8° 30'S., Ii9°7 / .5E. 73 M. Sand with few pieces of dead coral. 3 Ex. 
Three specimens from Station 310, agree with Nutting’s description. They are fan-like, 
reticulate, and of a pinkish brown colour. The verrucae are low domes practically touching one 
another, and covered with foliaceous projections. 
The predominant spicules are of the typical Echinogorgian type, showing a multiradiate 
divaricate portion bearing tubercles, and towards the exterior a considerable number of folia. 
Some spindle-shaped forms have a slight foliaceous expansion on one side of the middle 
point; in some cases the foliaceous expansion is replaced by several strong fangs; in a few 
smaller forms the spindle is boomerang-like without fangs. This indicates a series, probably 
developmental as well as phyletic, connecting the spindle-type with the foliated expansions. The 
peculiarity in this species is the multiplication of forward-projecting foliaceous spines. 
Starting from a spindle, we. readily pass to one with a median slightly foliaceous 
expansion. This becomes dentate and leads on to the remarkable many fanged spindles, with 
the long fangs all on one side. 
Starting again from a spindle, we find forms which bear on one half numerous projecting 
spinose prominences pointing in one direction, while the other half remains more warty. We 
may suppose the more warty half to spread out into the divaricate portion, while the other 
half forms the characteristic main spine of the Echinogorgias, with accessory foliaceous spines 
flanking it laterally. What happens seems to be that the accessory foliaceous spines become 
relatively stronger and crowd about the median spine, while the divaricate warty portion of 
the spicule becomes less and less noticeable until it is practically suppressed. 
One of the specimens bears a calcareous Polyzoon colony about the size of a pea. 
Another shows, as in Nutting’s figure, a number of gall-like swellings with an apical aperture. 
Each is due to an affixed sessile barnacle, around the shell of which there is a complete 
yellowish investment evidently produced by the horny axis of the Alcyonarian. And outside 
this there is a continuation of the general coenenchyma, including even verrucae. 
Previously recorded by Nutting from the same Station. 
