289 
as already pointed out by Broch. 1 ) He especially points out the near 
relation between Toichopoma oUiquum and Lafoea, and not only 
refers the former genus to the Lafoeidae, but is most inclined to 
refer the named operculate species to the genus Lafoea, and when 
he provisionally uses the name Toichopoma it is only because the 
gonothecae of this species were at that time unknown. Kramp 2 ) 
has later found that it possesses a “coppinia”, but while he like 
Broch refers it to the Lafoeidae , he at the same time maintains 
that the presence of an operculum entitles this species to represent 
a proper genus. In a later paper Broch 3 ) unites the Campanulinidae 
with the Lafoeidae and again di vides the latter family into two 
sub-fannlies, the Grammariina, in which the gonothecae are United 
into aggregates and the Campanulinina, in which that is not the 
case. From the reason given above I eannot accept this division. 
The connection between the Campanulinidae and the Lafoeidae 
must no doubt be expressed in this way, that the Campanulinidae 
have arisen from the Lafoeidae , and this transformation has taken 
place in such a manner, that different members of the latter family 
have developed an operculum. 4 ) Broch 5 ) has pointed out the 
great likeness between Toichopoma ohliquum and Lafoea gracillima, 
but Calycella syringa and Tetrapoma qvadridentatum present a 
similar likeness to such Lafoea species as L. pocillum and L. pyg- 
maea. At the other side the species of the genus Cuspidella seem 
to stand in a similar relation to the species of the genus Filellum, 
m which we find two different forms of sessile hydrothecae, some, 
9 13, p. 159. 
2 ) 30, p. 375. 
3 ) 14, p. 
4 ) As I do not believe in a sharp division between the Lafoeidae and the 
Campanulariidae, I think it likely that also a number of species of 
the latter family have developed an operculum, and we have no doubt 
two such examples in „Campanularia u marginata Bale (7, p. 54) 
and „Camp.“ macrocyttara (Bale (7, p. 56), the wide cup-shaped 
hydrothecae of which have a four-toothed margin, and, therefore, no 
doubt, possess a Thyroscyphus- operculum. The double margin in’ the 
hydrothecae of the former species is no doubt due to a regeneration 
6 ) 13, p. 159. 
Vidensk. Meddel, fra den naturh. Foren. Bd. 64. iq 
