476 
SCOUTING FOR GIRLS 
day. Each time keep a record of the number of paces 
taken and the time required to pace the distance. Divide 
the sum of the paces by the number of times paced and 
the result will be the average number of paces for the 
distance by the number of times paced, and get the aver- 
age number of paces and get the average length of your 
pace. Divide the sum of the minutes spent in pacing the 
distance by the numer of times paced, and get the aver- 
age length of time required to walk the distance. When 
the average length of pace is known, the distance between 
two points can be quite accurately estimated by pacing, if 
the ground is open, level and solid. If up or down grade, 
if the ground is muddy or heavy, or there are other 
causes which retard the gait, a reduction must be made. 
None of the above methods for measuring are scien- 
tific, therefore are not accurate, but they are useful ways 
of measuring approximately lengths and distances by 
means of a guide always at hand. 
2. MAP MAKING FOR GIRL SCOUTS 
The word map calls to our mind a picture of lines, 
angles, dots and circles which tell us something about a 
position of the surface of the earth. It gives us an idea 
of distance and direction, indicates heights and sometimes 
tells of interesting land conditions. What we see are 
but symbols representing a more or less true picture. 
This method of telling a story is very old ; as long ago 
as 1370 B. C. it was used to show the location of the then 
famous Nubian Gold Mines. This ancient map is now 
preserved in the Museum of Turin. 
Later, in 611 B. C. the first map of the world was 
made — the world as men knew it then. They thought 
it was like a hollow cylinder and surrounded by a river. 
By 276 B. C. maps were used and understood quite 
generally. 
They were named originally after the material upon 
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