VI 
comparative-anatomical investigations, in order to make clear the 
systematic position of these aninials, revealing an in an undergra¬ 
duale of 20 years astonishingly intimate knowledge not only of the 
skeleton but also of the muscles, nerves, and vessels. The other 
paper is, according to its title; „Om græske Pattedyr, samlede af 
L. Munter“ (On Greek Mammals, collected by L. Munter) a faun- 
istic work, still containing mostly discussions of the relationship 
within certain mammalian families, and here Winge for the first 
time presents the evolutionary views which were later on running 
like a leading thread through all his work. He stands aloof from 
Darwin’s “natural selection“ and unconditionally sides with La¬ 
ma rck; First of all exercise and use are determinative factors to 
the development of the organs. It was wonder at the profoundly 
thorough-going differences in teelh and skuil in so closely related 
animals as hamsters (Criceti) and field-mice (Årvicolæ), and conti- 
nuous attempts to find out the cause of these differences which 
led Winge towards a conception which has — as he declares in 
his last work — proved to him profitable, so to say solely satis- 
factory on all points; “The work of the animals, mostly under the 
varied influence of their surroundings, is the most essential cause 
of their alteration“. Winge was, I suppose, the most convinced 
and far-going advocate of Lamarck’s view of nature of our days, and, 
for the purpose of illustrating this view, he little by little, through 
great acuteness and untiring diligence, procured an enormous ma- 
terial which will, no doubt, be of great importance to the valu- 
ation of this theory of evolution. 
In 1881 Winge took his M. A. degree in natural history, and 
in the following year he published a paper; „Om Pattedyrenes 
Tandskifte især med Hensyn til Tændernes Former“ (On the suc¬ 
cession of teeth in the mammals especially with a view to the form 
of the teeth), from which it appears that Winge has, in advance 
of all other authors, formed a clear notion and given a record of 
the manner in which the more complicated forms of jaw-teeth, 
multicuspidate, serrate, tuberculate, plicate, may all be derived from 
the tricuspidate form, prevalent in the elder mammals (from the Trias- 
sic and Jurassic periods), and this one again from the simple con- 
ical form belonging to the lower vertebrates. Winge besides ex- 
plains the reasons having caused these alterations, and determines 
