148 
Fig.25. Axinella torquata, nov.sp. a, styli; 
b, oxea. 
branches to one another at acute 
angles, thus forming a rather 
dense network; many spicules 
are lying between the fibres, 
pell-mell. A special dermal- 
skeleton is made up of spicules 
lying parallel with the surface and 
constituting a thin cortex (‘derm- 
al-membrane’); they are placed 
in groups with ca. 4—8 in each, 
these groups are connected with 
the apices, and in this way 
a coarse network is formed. 
Both styli and oxea are making 
up the main- as well as the 
dermal-skeleton. 
Spicules: (fig. 25 a, b) 1. styli, 
slightly curved, thickest about 
the middle, from here tapering 
just a little towards base and 
apex, only this latter is somewhat 
more clearly marked off; length 
most varying, from ca. 170— 
520 by a thickness up to 12 
2. oxea; very siender, only 
a very little curved about the 
middle, here thickest, tapering 
evenly towards both apices, which 
are very sharp-pointed; length varying from ca. 325 /t-ca. 570 fi 
by a thickness of up to 14 fi. The oxea are on an average a 
little longer than the styli. In both forms of spicules swellings 
occur. 
Axinella vevvucosa nov. sp. 
Carnley Harbour. 45 f. Sandy clay. 6/XI 1.1914. 
Several specimens. Irregularly lumpshaped with tendency to¬ 
wards branching, but the branches soon stop growing and remain 
as small protuberances at various length (up to ca. 10 mm long) 
