275 
of the scuta, which is both upwards and downwards, the primor- 
dial valve being situated in nearly the middle of the occludent 
margin. In this respect, and in the shape of the carina and terga, 
there is an almost absolute identity with Scalpellum ; I may, how- 
ever, remark that in Scalpellum, the scuta first grow downwards, 
and afterwards in most of the species upwards, whereas here from 
the beginning, the growth is both upwards and downwards“.— My 
observations have shown that the primordial valve indicating the 
umbo, of the scutum, is in Scalpellum without exception apical. 
The material does not contain quite small specimens of Oxynaspis ; 
but the entire structure of the scutum indicates that the growth 
here somewhat resembles that of Megalasma, and that the prim¬ 
ordial valve (and the umbo) is secondarily removed by later growth 
from its basal position. Probably the young will show that the 
growth downwards commences later than the growth upwards; the 
umbo of the scuta is in the present specimens evidently a little 
more basally situated than in Darwin’s material. 
As regards the carina, its shape is exactly the reverse of that 
of a Scalpellum in which the umbo has been secondarily removed 
from the apex by growth, and it is easily seen in Oxynaspis that 
the basal part below the umbo in the carina is a secondary form¬ 
ation, and that the original situation of the primordial valve also 
here is basal. 
Oxynaspis celata Darwin. 
33° 41’ N., 128° 50’ E., 75 fathoms. „Hyaton Maru“ 17/V 14. 6 spec¬ 
imens of the forma japonica on Anthipathes. 
Nagasaki (no further dates). 6 specimens of the forma japonica. 
38° 12’ S., 149° 40’ E., 100- 160 fathoms. „Endeavour“ 16/IX 14. 
Several specimens of the forma nova-zelandica on anthipath- 
arians, with Ibla pygmæa. 
Annandale (1909) States that the spiny bark, which covers 
the animal, belongs to the barnacle, and not to the antipatharian, 
as maintained by Darwin (1852). It is impossible to follow the 
statements of Annandale; his remarks about the spineless axis 
of the Anthipatharian to which his specimens were attached, and 
his reasoning about the colours are far from convincing. Though 
the main axis of the antipatharians is black, the horny substance 
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