proach Chtamalus. The mand i ble has four short and broad teeth 
and a pectinate lower angle. The maxi 11a has two large upper 
spines, and below them a distinet and rather broad notch; the 
middle part of the cutting edge is occupied by a group of four or 
five strong spines, whereas the lower part of it is armed with 
mueh more delicate bristles in great numbers. 
Family B a 1 a n i d a e. 
Genus Balanus da Costa. 
Although the arrangement of the species in subgenera put forth 
by Pilsbry (1916) is far from satisfactory, and probably goes a 
little too far, it is nevertheless a step forward towards a natural 
dismembering of the genus in lower categories, and is in better 
agreement with our recent knowledge than earlier groupings. I 
therefore follow Pilsbry in my arrangement of the species. 
As to the nomenclature introduced by Pilsbry, there are sev- 
eral drawbacks in spite of his attempt to defend it by the nornen- 
clatory rules. It is thus inadequate to keep up a name as Bala¬ 
nus for one group, or subgenus of Balanus ; this is not only apt 
to bring forth confusion, but it may also be a question, whether 
it is not in faet in strict opposition to the nomenclatory rules ac¬ 
cepted by most other scientists, and it would be far better to ac¬ 
cept the course of the botanists here and put an Eu- before the 
name of the central group, as long as it is emphasized as a sub¬ 
genus. 
Similar objections may be made regarding the subdivision of 
species which has become an extreme faculty of Pilsbry, owing 
to his highly developed systematic abilities; here moreover, another 
objection may be raised, not to the subdivision, but to the term- 
inology. Without a doser definition of the terms Pilsbry substit¬ 
utes „subspecies" for Darwin’s „variety" and again divides sub¬ 
species into „formae". What does a‘subspecies mean ? If we study 
the results, it ever becomes more evident that the subspecies, as 
emphasized by Pilsbry, are sharply limited, geographical varieties, 
i. e. groups of variants evidently determined by narrow biophys- 
ical limits; this exaetly corresponds to the term „forma" as used 
