408 
specimens, and a large proportion of the type specimens are useless 
anyway. Tate’s attempted comparison between the New Zealand 
and Australian fossils seems to have been almost disastrous ^). 
Except for a series of Cidaroid radioles (including forms prob- 
ably belonging to Goniocidaris and perhaps to Phyllacanthus) and 
the two living species Notechinus novae-zealandiae and Pseudechinus 
albocinctus (these are from raised beaches of probable Pleistocene 
age), practically all the known Tertiary forms seem to come from 
the older systems, chiefly the Miocene. This is probably the expla- 
nation of the extreme disproportion between the Regular and Irre- 
gular forms, the latter predominating enormously in numbers and 
variety. Such disproportion seems a normal feature of early Ter¬ 
tiary Echinoid faunas throughout the world. 
Of the Cidaridae, Hutton’s '^Cidaris'' striata has nothing to 
do with Duncan’s ''Leiocidaris''australiae, but seems to be more 
akin to Goniocidaris or to some Cretaceous group such as Typo- 
cidaris. It is probably of Miocene age, and can be compared 
closely only with the series of so-called Goniocidaris from the 
Miocene of Kutch described by Duncan & Sladen in 1883 
(Pal. Indica, ser. xiv, vol. i, part iv). Another Cidarid, of proportions 
dwarfing those of Phyllacanthus imperialis, occurs in some abun- 
dance in deposits that are probably of Miocene date. Its generic 
position is doubtful, but I know of no species with which it can 
be compared at all closely. 
The non-Cidarid Regular forms from the older Tertiary are 
mostly very small, and seem all to be akin to the troublesome 
Paradoxechinus-gvon^ well-known in Australia. Most of them have 
sculptured tests; and they show a remarkable uniformity of “mode’' 
in spite of generic differences. ‘^Echinus'' enysi Hutton (which is 
utterly unlike '^Psammechinus" woodsi from Australia) seems cer- 
tainly to belong to Grammechinus, a monotypic genus from the 
Miocene of Northern India. 
Among the Irregular genera, which I have not yet studied in 
detail, it is possible to record Fibularia and Arachnoides. There is 
1) R. Tate. Critical list of the Tertiary Mollusca and Echinodermata of 
New Zealand in the Collection of the Colonial Museum, in Reports of 
Geological Explorations during 1892—93. Colonial Museum and Geol. 
Surv. of New Zealand. Nr. 22. 1894. 
