412 
or that the genus Stegnaster, known only from New Zealand and 
the West Indies, proves a direct connection between these two 
regions to have existed in previous times. And here again the 
absence of the AbatuS'group in New Zealand bears testimony against 
a former connection with Antarctica, where it is just as wide spread 
as in the Subantarctic region (Patagonia, Kerguelen). 
The comparison of the Echinoderm fauna of the New Zealand 
region with that of the Magellanic and the Antarctic region thus 
gives the result that the few cases of identical or nearly related 
forms occurring in the two regions do not afford sufficient testi¬ 
mony for a former direct connection between the two areas, while 
the absence in the New Zealand region of the highly characteristc 
subantarctic and antarctic Åbutus-gTOup decidedly bears testimony 
against such connection in post-mesozoic times. 
It is still to be pointed out that there is no relation either 
between the Echinoderm fauna of New Zealand and 
that of South Africa. A few species have been stated to be 
common to these two regions: Echinus angulosus, Henricia ornata, 
Ophiomyxa australis; but these are all erroneous identifications. 
Some other species which really occur in both areas, like Åstro- 
pecten polyacanthus and Coscinasterias calamaria, are widely distri- 
buted forms which do not mean anything for proving a nearer 
relation between the two faunas. 
It is thus evident from a study of the zoogeographical relations 
of the New Zealand Echinoderm fauna that the only other 
fauna to which it has really any nearer relaton isthe 
Australian. To the Antarctic fauna or the Magellanic fauna it 
has no doser relation. Further it is evident that, as regards their 
Echinoderm fauna, the Auckland-Campbell Islands belong exclu- 
sively with New Zealand, this fauna being not at all subantarctic 
in its character, and the conclusion is obvious that the so*called 
Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand” are not subant¬ 
arctic at all. 
The same result was reached already by Koehler in his fine 
study of the zoogeographical interrelations of the Echinoderm faunas 
of the various antarctic and subantarctic areas in his Report on 
the Echinoderms of the “Deuxiéme Expedition Antarctique Francaise 
(1908—1910)”; the more exact knowledge of the Echinoderm fauna 
of New Zealand and the Auckland-Campbell Islands now gained 
has fully borne out his result. 
