September 6, 1913. 
THE GARDENERS’ MAGAZINE. 
entries, and Mr-. John Wear, Felton Mills, 
Felton,' took first prize, his leeks being 
splendid examples, measuring about four- 
twn inches of blanched stem, and approach, 
ing two inches in diameter. Mr. Thompson 
Smith, Fourstones Village, received second 
prize, "these again being remarkably good. 
ITie third prize was taken by Mr. Jas. Few. 
ster, Greenside, Kyton. Mr. T. H. Bolton, 
Powderham Castle Gardens, took first prize 
for parsnips, Mr. Edward Keith winning 
for peas, and Mr. W. Bean, Riverdale, Eb- 
chester, for celery. Mr. T. H. Bolton showed 
six grand Ailsa Craig onions, with which he 
secured first prize, he also winning for run¬ 
ner beans. 
The amateurs’ collection of vegetables 
brought first prize to Mr. John Wear, Fel. 
ton Mills, Felton, who showed good leeks, 
celery, parsnips, a pair of large cauliflowers, 
and excellent cabbages and onions. Mr. 
Robert Shield, Waterside Cottage, Swal. 
well, took second prize. 
NON-COMPETITIVE. 
The bulk of the non-competitive exhibits 
were staged in one large marquee, and a 
very bright and interesting display "was the 
result. Across one end Messrs. Kent and 
Brydon, Darlington, arranged a terrace gar. 
den with retaining wall planted with rock 
plants. A grass plot, surrounded by a paved 
walk, was backed by a border of hardy 
flowers, and on either side were groups of 
bamboos, acers, and other foliage plants 
with beds of liliums and spiraeas. Mr. C. 
H. Taudevin, Cheltenham, staged a capital 
group of perpetual carnations, embracing a 
number of the choicest varieties staged in 
a tasteful manner. Hardy flowers were put 
up by Messrs. Dickson’s, Lim., Chester, 
various liliums and gladioli being bright and 
striking features of the exhibit. 
A large stand of choice vegetables with 
epergnes of melons and dishes of tomatoes 
came from Messrs. E. Webb and Sons, 
Wordsley, Stourbridge. Sweet peas, gode- 
tias, ^ters, and other flowers were taste- 
fullv interspersed among the vegetables, and 
displayed on a series of arches, extending 
the whole length of the stand. 
Ornamental shrubs, vines, and ivies were 
arranged in a group with Hydrangea pani. 
culata and hardy fuchsias by Messrs. 
Michie and Co., Alnwick. Alpine plants 
of choice character were nicely arranged 
among stones and fibre by Mr. Wm. Lawren- 
son, Yarm-on-Tees, who also showed bunches 
01 good border perennials. There were 
mcely.flowered plants of Stokesia cyanea, 
t^apaver alpinum, several good campanulas, 
^^illiant alpine mimulus on the stand, 
ogether with androsaces, saxifrages, and a 
ew ferns. Messrs. Stuart and Mein, Kelso, 
J large mound of sweet peas, arranged 
^ the ground with other groups of herba- 
^us flowers, some ferns and dwarf euony- 
®us and golden privet. 
A gorgeous bank of phloxes was staged by 
Chas. Irvine and Sons, Jedburgh, 
otland, among the most telling varieties 
Minto, W. S. Oliver Snow. 
TPn^’ Roughhead. Mr. W. Law- 
liad a good group of perpetual 
rnations, the white Snowstorm being shown 
la capital form. 
were a great feature of the 
ji^^^^\^ljrought by Messrs. John Forbes, 
lof *’ ^awick. The firm also showed a fine 
nhl/? larder carnations, and a collection of 
xes and other perennials. 
^'airbairn and Sons, English 
cactii ’ showed dahlias, embracing 
flnur-^’j collarette, and paeony- 
M varieties. 
tribi^*?’ and Co., Newcastle, con- 
a ^ S^oup of gladioli, which embraced 
inp of colours, and were of pleas- 
dai T' Harkness and Sons, Be. 
^ collection of phloxes, 
4ahS''“L fine), gladioli, paeony 
Perenni’ i ^ variety of useful border 
^^other good group of hardy 
Co lat'T" Gibson and 
€ flowers of single pyrethrums. 
ANSWERS TO 
CORRESPONDENTS. 
Editorial CtommunicatioM diould be addreeeed to the 
Editor of The Gardeners’ Magazine, 148 and 149, 
Aldersgate Street, E.C. 
Secretaries of horticultural soodetie* are invited to 
send early notification of forthcoming exhibitions 
and meetings, and are requeated to advise us oon- 
oerning change® of dates. 
Specimens of plant®, flowers, and fruite for naming 
or opinion ehould be sent to the Editor of The 
Gardeners’ Magazine, “ Endeleigh,” Priory Park, 
Kew, Surrey, and ae early in the week ae poceible. 
All paroele must be eufficiently prepaid. 
The Editor will be glad to receive photographo of 
gardens, plants flowers, trees, fruHs, etc., for 
reproduotion in The Gardeners’ Magazine. He will 
also be greatly obliged by oorreapondenta sending 
early intimation of interesting local events relating 
to hortiottlture. In sending newspapers contain¬ 
ing matter to which they wish to draw attention, 
wriespomdente are requested to distinctly mark 
the paragraph. 
DAFFODILS FOB GRASS CULTURE.— 
W. F. H., Surrey: I am desirous of planting 
daffodils in a portion of our pleasure grounds 
where there is no occasion for mowing the 
grass until the leaves of the daffodils have 
turned yellow or died down. Being desirous 
of producing a display that will possess in¬ 
terest as well as attractiven-ess, and extend 
over a considerable period, I should prefer 
to plant small breadths of a number of kinds. 
—Your proposal is au exceedingly good one, 
and in full accordance with our views on the 
subject. The practice of planting moderate 
breadths of several kinds in comparatively 
small gardens will give much more pleasure 
and interest than will huge breadths of three 
or four kinds. The following varieties succe^ 
in the grass, and will afford the diversity in 
form and colour in the time of flowering 
that you desire: Albicans, Agnes Barr, Barn 
conspicuus, C. J. Backhouse, Emperor, Em¬ 
press, Golden Spur, Grandis, Henry Irving, 
John Bain, Minnie Hume, Mrs. Langtry, 
Mrs. Walter Ware, Poeticus ornatus, P. R. 
Barr, Sir Watkin, Stella superba, and Vic¬ 
toria. The bulbs of the foregoing will range 
from 5s. to 7s. 6d. per 100. We suggest that 
you form a colony of Madame de Graaff with 
one or two dozen bulbs; it will afford an im¬ 
mense amount of pleasure, and the bulbs are 
decidedly cheap. The sooner the bulbs are 
planted the better, and, as the ground has 
been well moistened with the rains, we sug¬ 
gest that you proceed with the planting at 
NITRIFICATION IN SOILS.—E. P., Lan¬ 
cashire : It has been found, as the result of 
careful investigation, that nitrification takes 
place with a greater degree of rapidity in a 
comparatively heavy soil than in a light one, 
in which sand greatly preponderates. This 
is attributed to the larger percentage of lime 
in the heavy soil, but the lack of humus in 
the sandy soil also greatly influences the re¬ 
sult in favour of the more substantial 
medium. 
THE LOGANBERRY.—T. A., Herts: For 
some years I have held an appointment 
abroad which, from its exacting nature, gave 
me but little time for gardening. On retir¬ 
ing a short time since, I returned to England, 
and settled down with a comparatively large 
garden in which I hope to be able to grow 
fruits and vegetables as well as flowers. 
Since my return we have bought both fresh 
and bottled fruit of the loganberry,which was 
Quite unknown in English gardens previous 
to my going abroad. I am anxious to ^w 
it and shall be glad to learn something about 
the fruit and its cultural requirements.—The 
loganberry is a fruit that you should have no 
difficulty in cultivating successfully. It was 
raised in Canada by Judge Logan from a cross 
effected between the blackberry and the rasp- 
berrv. You are acquainted with the colour 
and flavour of the fruits, and you will have 
noticed that they are rather firmer and more 
acid than are raspberries, and toeretore pre¬ 
ferable for culinary purposes. They are espe. 
cially useful for bottling. The loganbe^y 
grows under much the same con^ti^s as the 
raspberry, but, owing to the length of its 
wi'd^^nreading growths, requires more room 
tor deClopmLf. Briefly^ stated, the ^il 
should be prepared as tor raspberries, and the 
plants should be put ou{ in the autumn, one- 
year-old plants being the best. Where there 
is more than one row on the same plot the 
rows should be eight feet apart. For support¬ 
ing the growths a trellis six feet high should 
be provided, and this should be formed with 
stout posts and strong wires stretched be¬ 
tween them at distances of twelve inches 
apart, commencing from the strand of wire 
stretched along the top of the posts. The 
plants should be eight feet apart in the rows, 
and seven or eight shoots be allowed to each, 
the others being removed at a (^uite early 
stage. The canes remaining for fruiting in 
the follow"ing year should be loosely tied 
to the wires or other support as growth pro- 
grebes, and immediately after tbe fruiting 
period the old canes should be cut away to 
ensure the full exposure of the new canes to 
the light and air. 
SUNDIALS.—J. H., Lincolnshire: I am 
interested in sundials, and perhaps you can 
tell me when the first sundial was invented. 
—We have devoted considerable time to the 
study of the science of gnomonics, but, as in 
the case of others who have given attention 
to sundials, we have not been able to find 
evidence that will enable us to say w-hen 
sundials were first made. In the Bible we 
find ample evidence of the existence of a horo¬ 
loge, and of its use for measuring time. The 
most ancient of the known suudials are of 
Grecian origin, and, writing in 343 B.C., 
Herodotus states that the Greeks obtained 
their knowledge of the sundials from the 
Babylonians. The Romans, in their turn, ac¬ 
quired their knowledge of sundials from the 
Greels, and obtained considerable fame as 
makers of dials, while the wealthy citizens 
added them freely to their gai’dens for pur- 
poses of ornament and utility. The earliest 
of the dials known in this country were of 
Saxon origin. 
AUBRIETIAS FOR BEDDING.—T. O., 
Dorset: Being very partial to aubrietias. I 
have endeavoured for some years past to u.se 
them rather freely for carpeting beds, in 
which tulips and daffodils are planted, but 
the results have not been satisfactory. My 
difficulty has been to maintain good stocks 
of plants owing to the losses that occur 
amQng the plants lifted from the beds in 
April or early in May. It will be a 
great help to me if you can give me 
such advice as will enable me to pre¬ 
vent the plants dying during the summer 
months.—^We appreciate the difficulty with 
which you have had to contend, and we sug¬ 
gest that you change your practice. Instead 
of breaking up the plants when you remove 
them from the flower beds in May and then 
planting them in nursery beds, we advise you 
to commence the propagation of stock quite 
early in March. To enable you to do this you 
must devote some portion of the reserve 
ground or kitchen garden to them, and 
the best time tor planting the stock plants 
is early in October. In March lift small por¬ 
tions of the aubrietias with a few roots at¬ 
tached and put them about eight inches apart 
in rows, with fifteen-inch spaces between 
them to" allow room for the free use of the 
hoe. By the autumn you will have stocky 
NOTICE. 
R eaders experiencing diffi¬ 
culty In obtaining “THE 
GARDENERS’ MAGAZINE” at 
any bookstall or newsagent 
should write to the 
PUBLISHING MANAGER, 
148-9, Aldersgate Street, 
London, E.C., 
who will give the matter immediate 
attention. 
