hippo harvesting program has been in operation for over 5 years, and in 
Kenya there are economic elephant and zebra cropping schemes. 
Cattle ranching in East and Central Africa is very heavily subsi¬ 
dized by the governments. Veterinary services, marketing and cold sto¬ 
rage commissions, and a variety of other services provide very substan¬ 
tial support for the cattle rancher. At the present time game ranching 
receives no such subsidies. On the contrary, it must operate in spite 
of severe market restrictions due to veterinary regulations and the 
opposition of many cattle ranchers. In spite of these difficulties and 
the problems that accompany development of a new industry, game ranching 
has proved profitable enough to attract many cattle ranchers who state 
they are making a greater profit from the game, or game and cattle, than 
from cattle alone on the same lands. 
Game ranching at present requires very little capital expenditure. 
The wildlife is there for the harvesting so there is no capital outlay 
for stock. Fences, water supplies, and other types of range improvements 
are not essential. However, as game ranching achieves a wider acceptance 
and becomes more established it will probably prove desirable to improve 
production even further through some forms of range management. Wildlife 
as well as domestic livestock responds to management. 
Domestication 
Another possibility for the utilization of wild ungulates is through 
domestication. It is curious that Africa, with the world's greatest 
variety of hoofed wild animals, has not produced any domesticated live¬ 
stock. In Neolithic times various wild African ungulates were tamed or 
domesticated, but apparently none have been since (Zeuner, 1963). This 
situation appears to be due more to human and environmental factors than 
to the potential for domestication of the animals themselves. The 
Belgians, for example, in the former Belgian Congo have shown that the 
African elephant can be domesticated in the same manner as the Asian one. 
The human population of Africa, until recent years, has been low in 
relation to the available food resources. Wherever it was required, 
hunters usually had a ready source of wild meat. The Africans who are 
pastoralists generally hold their animals as specific objects of prestige 
and almost of reverence, rather than purely as sources of animal products. 
Consequently, perhaps, the modern Africans have not felt the need or the 
inclination to experiment with domestication of other types of animals. 
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