40 
A Monograph of Culicidae. 
his native country, Virginia, the bottom lands are not considered 
malarious, but the first hills above them are extremely unhealthy. 
So far, my observations seem to bear out this view.” 
Nevertheless, although roadside and other puddles of small 
size in the sunlight and containing green algae afford the most 
suitable breeding-ground for these aquatic larvae, they are also 
found in small pools in open places in woods and fields and even 
stagnant pieces of water of considerable size. I have found 
them in rain barrels in England, and, in fact, in almost all 
collections of water of small size. Howard records such breeding- 
places in America, as the following : “ A small permanent stream 
running through woods, which had here and there broadened 
out into little shallows” ; “pools about a disused spring ; at the 
side of the spring were several more or less permanent pools 
of considerable depth (8 to 10 inches), and thirdly an old canal 
bed so nearly dried out after a season of drought that the 
water lay in small puddles.” One Anopheles has been found 
breeding in sea water, by Hr. Bancroft in Deception Bay, 
Queensland. This was probably Anopheles annulipes, Wik. Sir 
William MacGregor says they occur in salt and brackish water 
in British New Guinea. 
Concerning the breeding-grounds of Anopheles in India, 
Colonel Giles writes in some notes sent me for publication as 
follows : “ The situations in which I found the larvae entirely 
upset all the notions I had gathered from recent writings on the 
subject. I began of course by looking for the typical Amplieles 
pool of Boss, but such as I found never held any of the expected 
larvae, and the first place I met with them was in the garden of 
the Meerut Club, in the small irrigation tanks I have already 
described. (These tanks are small cemented brickwork structures, 
generally about a cubic foot square, placed at intervals along the 
small masonry channels which are used to irrigate nearly all 
gardens in the European quarters of Indian towns, their object 
being to store up water in convenient places for the gardener to 
use.—F. V. T.) Here they were present in enormous numbers, 
sometimes alone, but more frequently in company, and apparently 
on excellent terms with the larvae of Culex fatigans, Wied. It 
was, however, noticeable that, while the Culex larvae, for the 
most part, remained in the middle of the tanks, those of Anopheles 
generally kept themselves floating, with their heads touching its 
side walls, and so might easily be overlooked. In my subsequent 
wanderings, I met with Anopheles larvae in a variety of situa- 
