Structure of Larvae. 33 
* 
segments bear two branched bristles laterally, the third segment 
one pair of similar bristles ; these act as balancers to the larvae 
when on the surface of the water ; there are also four smaller 
hairs close to the base of the larger ones, three of these are much 
branched. On the third to seventh segments are a pair of curious 
stellate structures, called by Nuttall “ palmate hairs,” the stalks 
being short and the rays numerous ; there seem to be no hairs 
beneath the rays in A. maculipennis, as shown in the specimen 
figured on p. 31 {A. bifurcatus ?). After the third segment, which 
has one feathered hair, the lateral hairs become simple, but the 
branched hairs on the dorsal surface become more conspicuous. 
The eighth segment bears the openings of the two respiratory 
tubes. On the ninth segment, at the end, opens the anus, and 
which bears remarkable hairs shown in Fig. 17. This anal 
segment also bears four soft clear papillae (d), which contain 
many tracheae. On the venter of this segment is the curious 
fan of hairs (e), which arise from two semicircular basal pieces. 
When stationary at the surface this “fan” hangs downwards. 
What its function is, is not known; probably it is locomotory. 
The two respiratory openings (f) on the eighth segment are 
surrounded and supported by a complex structure. 
Professor Howard gives an excellent description of A. maculi¬ 
pennis larvae in all stages, while he points out that the 
arrangements of the hairs on the larvae are entirely different to 
Culex. The branching of the hairs of Anopheles , and the little 
paired star-shaped tufts on the dorsum (Fig. 17, c and c 1 ), are 
entirely absent in all Culex. 
Beyond detail Meinert’s description still applies admirably 
to A. maculipennis. The detail of the plumed hairs, &c., is shown 
in the figure. 
Grassi has also figured this larva (Studii cli uno zool. sulla 
Malaria, Fig. 6, Tav. IV.). 
Captain James gives a figure in his paper, previously quoted 
from, of an Anopheles larva, and says it differs from Culex in 
possessing no air-tube, and when very small the head is quite 
black, and it appears not unlike a small safety match floating 
on the water; when larger it is brownish in colour. This 
description and figure evidently refer to A. Bossii, Giles. When 
mature, the head is not much more than one-third the width of 
the large quadrangular thorax, which again is seen to be much 
wider than the abdomen ; in other respects it seems to resemble 
very much in general character A. maculipennis and A. bifurcatus. 
VOL. I. D 
