12 
"A Monograph of Culicidae. 
heads, and are usually white or pale yellow in colour, and grre 
a mouldy appearance to the insect upon which they are found. 
(3.) The scales on the abdomen. —In all Culices, save a 
few Anopheles and Oorethra, the abdomen is densely covered with 
overlapping Hat scales (Fig. 8, 1), which are iridescent and often 
show a marked play of colours. In the genus Anopheles they 
seldom occur on the abdomen, but a few small flat ones occur in 
patches in A. Sinensis and its varieties, and in A. Pliaroensis 
the abdomen is covered with a thick felting of narrow curved 
scales. These abdominal scales often appear black or brown 
when the insect is held in one direction (with head facing the 
light), purple or violet when held in the reverse direction, as 
well as showing other colours often of great brilliancy. 
(4.) Scales Oil the wing’s. —In all the genera of Culicidae 
scales cover more or less completely the veins of the wings, 
except the cross-veins, which are nude. The wing scales are 
usually arranged in a double row along each vein, being normally 
small, moderately broad flat plates lying side by side ; besides 
these, many of the veins, in some species all of them, have 
lateral scales on each side of the veins as well as the central 
ones ; these lateral scales are of very varied form, usually they 
are long and thin, and may be either straight or curved, present 
on one or both sides of the veins; in some genera they are 
spatulate. ( Vide Plates A to E.) 
In the genus Panoplites many of the scales assume a very 
marked appearance, being very large and flat and much expanded, 
the apical border being convex (Fig. 8, 2) ; this large squama 
also occurs in a slightly modified form in Aedeomyia (Fig. 8, 3), 
where the wings are densely covered with broad squamae more 
asymmetrical and narrower than in Panoplites. In the genus 
Mucidus the wing scales are parti-coloured and pyriform or 
inflated (Fig. 8, 11), thus differing from any other scale found 
in this family. In TaeniorhyncTius , as I retain the genus, the 
scales are dense, all of similar rather broad and elongated shape. 
The fringe of the wing typically contains three sets of scales, 
two kinds of so-called “ fringe-scales ” and a third set of so-called 
“ border scales ” (Fig. 7, II. b). 
The “fringe-scales ” are of two sizes, being fitted to the edge 
of the wing by a narrow stalk, the scales being long, narrow and 
pointed towards the tip, the smaller ones being of very similar 
